Dutch Language
Basic Dutch Phrases
Good Morning |
Goedemorgen |
khoo-duh-mawr-ghuh |
Good Day |
Goedemiddag |
khoo-duh-mih-dahkh |
Good Evening |
Goedenavond |
khoo-duh-nah-fohnt |
Good Night |
Goedenacht |
khoo-duh-nahkht |
Hi / Bye |
Hoi / Hallo / Daag / Doei |
hoy / hah-loh / dahk / doo-ee |
Goodbye |
Tot ziens |
toht zeens |
See you later (in the same day) |
Tot straks |
toht straks |
See you soon |
Tot zo |
toht zoh |
Please |
Alstublieft / Alsjeblieft |
ahlst-ew-bleeft / ahl-shuh-bleeft |
Thank you |
Dank u wel / Dank je wel |
dahnk-ew-vehl / dahnk-yuh-vehl |
Thank you very much |
Hartelijk bedankt |
hahr-tuh-lik buh-dahnkt |
You’re welcome (don’t mention it) |
Graag gedaan |
khrahkh khuh-dahn |
I’m sorry / Excuse me |
Sorry |
saw-ree |
Pardon me (didn’t understand) |
Pardon, wat zei u? |
pahr-dohn, vat zay ew |
Yes / No |
Ja / Nee |
yah / nay |
How are you? (formal) |
Hoe gaat het met u? |
hoo khaht ut meht ew |
How are you? (informal) |
Hoe gaat het? |
hoo khaht ut |
Fine / Very well |
Goed / Heel goed |
khoot / hayl khoot |
So so / Bad |
Het gaat / Slecht |
uht khaht / slehkht |
I’m tired / sick. |
Ik ben moe / ziek |
ik ben moo / zeek |
I’m hungry / thirsty. |
Ik heb honger / dorst |
ik heb hohng-ur / dohrst |
What’s your name? (formal) |
Hoe heet u? |
hoo hayt ew |
What’s your name? (informal) |
Hoe heet je? |
hoo hayt yuh |
My name is (I’m called)… |
Ik heet… |
ik hayt… |
I am… |
Ik ben… |
ik ben |
Nice to meet you. |
Aangenaam (kennis te maken) |
ahn-guh-nahm (ken-nis tuh mah-kuh) |
Mister / Misses / Miss |
meneer / mevrouw / mejuffrouw |
muh-nayr / muh-frow / muh-yuh-frow |
Where are you from? (formal) |
Waar komt u vandaan? |
vahr kawmt ew fun-dahn |
Where are you from? (informal) |
Waar kom je vandaan? |
vahr kawn yuh fun-dahn |
I am from the Netherlands. |
Ik kom uit Nederland. |
ik kawm owt nay-der-lant |
Where do you live? (formal) |
Waar woont u? |
vahr vohnt ew |
Where do you live? (informal) |
Waar woon je? |
vahr vohn yuh |
I live in America. |
Ik woon in Amerika. |
ik vohn in ah-meh-ree-kah |
How old are you? (formal) |
Hoe oud bent u? |
hoo owt bent ew |
How old are you? (informal) |
Hoe oud ben je? |
hoo owt ben yuh |
I am ____ years old. |
Ik ben … jaar (oud). |
ik ben … yahr owt |
Do you speak Dutch? (formal) |
Spreekt u Nederlands? |
spraykt ew nay-der-lahnds |
Do you speak English? informal) |
Spreek je Engels? |
sprayk yuh ehng-uhls |
I [don’t] speak… |
Ik spreek [geen]… |
ik sprayk [khayn] |
I don’t speak … very well. |
Ik spreek niet zo goed… |
ik sprayk neet zoh khood |
I [don’t] understand. |
Ik begrijp het [niet.] |
ik buh-khraip ut neet |
I [don’t] know. |
Ik weet het [niet.] |
ik vayt ut [neet] |
How much is it? |
Wat kost het? |
vat kohst ut |
I’d like… |
Ik wil graag… |
ik vil khrahk |
Cheers! |
Proost! |
prohst |
Have fun! |
Veel plezier! |
fayl pleh-zeer |
Good luck! |
Veel succes! |
fayl suk-sehs |
Be careful! |
Wees voorzichtig! |
vays fohr-zikh-tikh |
That is great / terrible! |
Dat is geweldig / vreselijk! |
dat is khuh-vehl-duhkh / fray-zuh-likh |
I love you. (informal) |
Ik hou van je. |
ik how fahn yuh |
I love you (all). |
Ik hou van jullie. |
ik how fahn juh-lee |
How funny / odd! |
Wat vreemd! |
vaht fraymt |
What a pity! |
Wat jammer! |
vaht yah-mer |
What is this / that? |
Wat is dit / dat? |
vut iss dit / dut |
In the pronunciations, kh denotes a uvular guttural sound. Meneer, mevrouw and mejuffrouw are all written with a small letter when they precede a name. When typing, de Heer is used instead of meneer and Dhr. is used on envelopes. Mevrouw and mejuffrouw are abbreviated as Mevr. and Mej. In addition, Mw. can be used as an equivalent of the English Ms.
Dutch Pronunciation
Dutch letters |
English sound |
ch / g |
guttural sound, made at back of mouth |
sch |
s followed by guttural ch sound |
w |
like v before r, otherwise like w but with bottom lip against top teeth |
v |
like v, but sometimes closer to f |
r |
either rolled or guttural |
j |
y as in yes |
sj |
sh as in ship |
tj |
ch as in chip |
aa |
ah as in father, but longer |
ee |
ay as in hail, but shorter |
ie |
ee as in neat, but shorter |
oo |
oh as in boat |
oe |
oo as in pool, but shorter |
eu |
ur as in hurt, but with lips rounded |
uu |
ew, but with lips rounded (sound not found in English) |
a |
ah as in father, but shorter |
e |
eh as in bed |
i |
ih as in bit |
o |
aw as in paw, with lips rounded |
u |
ir as in dirt, but very short |
ei / ij |
between the sounds in “light” and “late” |
aai |
combination of aa and ie |
oei |
combination of oe and ie |
ooi |
combination of oo and ie |
ou / au |
like ow, as in house |
eeuw |
combination of ee and oe |
ieuw |
combination of ie and oe |
uw |
combination of uu and oe |
ui |
combination of a and uu |
The consonants s, f, h, b, d, z, l, m, n, and ng are pronounced the same way in Dutch as in English. P, t, and k are pronounced without the puff of air (called aspiration.) Sometimes the g is pronounced like zh in words borrowed from French. One last vowel sound is found in various Dutch spellings. It is pronounced like uh, as in along or sofa. For example, this sound is found in de (the), een (a), aardig (nice), and vriendelijk (kind).
Dutch Nouns and Gender
All nouns have a gender in Dutch, either common (de words) or neuter (het words). It is hard to guess which gender a noun is, so it is best to memorize the genders when memorizing vocabulary. However, two-thirds of Dutch words are common gender (because the common gender has combined the former feminine and masculine genders.) So it may be easier to memorize which nouns are neuter, and then assign common gender to the rest. All diminutives (words ending in -je) and infinitives used as nouns, as well as colors, metals, compass directions, and all words that end in -um, -aat, -sel, -isme are neuter. Most nouns beginning with ge- and ending with -te are neuter, as are most nouns beginning with ge-, be-, and ver-. Common noun endings include: -aar, -ent, -er, -es, -eur, -heid, -ij, -ing, -teit, -tie.
Articles & Demonstratives
|
common
|
neuter
|
Singular “the” |
de
|
het
|
Plural “the” |
de
|
Indefinite “a” or “an” |
een
|
|
common |
neuter |
Singular
this
that |
deze
die
|
dit
dat |
Plural
these
those |
deze
die
|
The definite article is used more in Dutch than in English. It is always used before the names of the seasons, street names and in an abstract sense. There are some idioms that should be memorized, however: in het Nederlands (in Dutch), in de stad (in town), in het zwart (in black), met de auto (by car), met de tijd (in/with time); op tafel (on the table), in zee (in the sea), op kantoor (at the office), in bad (in the bath), op straat (in the street).
Dutch Subject and Object Pronouns
Subject
|
Object
|
I |
ik (‘k) |
me |
mij (me) |
you (singular familiar) |
jij (je) |
you |
jou (je) |
you (singular formal) |
u |
you |
u |
he |
hij |
him |
hem (‘m) |
she |
zij (ze) |
her |
haar (ze) |
it |
hij / het |
it |
het (‘t) |
we |
wij (we) |
us |
ons |
you (plural familiar) |
jullie |
you |
jullie (je) |
you (plural formal) |
u |
you |
u |
they |
zij (ze) |
them |
hen (ze) / hun (ze) |
Unstressed forms (shortened forms used mostly in the spoken language) are in parentheses. There are also unstressed forms of ik (‘k), hij (ie) and het (‘t) but these are not written in the standard language. You will see them in informal writing, however (such as on internet forums or sometimes in film subtitles.)
Direct and indirect object pronouns are the same in Dutch, except for “them.” Hen is used if it is a direct object, and hun is used if it is an indirect object. Generally, indirect objects are preceded by “to” or “from” in English, and direct objects are not preceded by any prepositions. Additionally, these object pronouns are used after prepositions.
An alternative way of showing possession without using the possessive pronouns is to use van + object pronoun. In fact, this is the only way to show possession with the jullie form, as there is no possessive pronoun for it. This construction corresponds to “of + object” and occurs often in sentences with the verb “to be.” Is deze pen van jou? Is this your pen? Die schoenen zijn niet van mij. Those shoes are not mine.
If the noun is not present in the clause, then die or dat + van + object pronoun is used. Mijn huis is klein; dat van hem is erg groot. My house is small; his is very large.
Dutch Verbs To Be & to Have – Zijn and Hebben
Present tense of zijn – to be (zayn)
I am |
ik ben |
ik ben |
we are |
wij zijn |
vay zayn |
you are |
jij / u bent |
yay / ew bent |
you are |
jullie zijn |
yew-lee zayn |
he, she, it is |
hij, zij, het is |
hay, zay, ut is |
they are |
zij zijn |
zay zayn |
Present tense of hebben – to have (heh-buhn)
I have |
ik heb |
ik hep |
we have |
wij hebben |
vay heh-buhn |
you have |
jij / u hebt |
yay / ew hept |
you have |
jullie hebben |
yew-lee heh-buhn |
he, she, it is |
hij, zij, het heeft |
hay, zay, ut hayft |
they have |
zij hebben |
zay heh-buhn |
U heeft rather than u hebt is also possible.
Past tense of zijn – to be (zayn)
I was |
ik was |
ik vas |
we were |
wij waren |
vay vah-ruhn |
you were |
jij / u was |
yay / ew vas |
you were |
jullie waren |
yew-lee vah-ruhn |
he, she, it was |
hij, zij, het was |
hay, zay, ut vas |
they were |
zij waren |
zay vah-ruhn |
Past tense of hebben – to have (heh-buhn)
I had |
ik had |
ik haht |
we had |
wij hadden |
vay hah-duhn |
you had |
jij / u had |
yay / ew haht |
you had |
jullie hadden |
yew-lee hah-duhn |
he, she, it had |
hij, zij, het had |
hay, zay, ut haht |
they had |
zij hadden |
zay hah-duhn |
You must use the subject pronouns; however, I will leave them out of future conjugations since most verbs only have two forms for each conjugation.
Expressions with zijn and hebben:
Het/dat is jammer – It’s/that’s a pity
jarig zijn – to have a birthday
kwijt zijn – to have lost
op het punt staan – to be about to
van plan zijn – to intend
voor elkaar zijn – to be in order
honger / dorst hebben – to be hungry / thirsty
gelijk hebben – to be right
haast hebben – to be in a hurry
het hebben over – to talk about
het druk hebben – to be busy
het koud hebben / warm – to be cold / warm
last hebben van – to be bothered by
nodig hebben – to need
slaap hebben – to be sleepy
zin hebben in – to feel like
Dutch Useful Words
sometimes |
soms |
always |
altijd |
never |
nooit |
often |
vaak, dikwijls |
usually |
gewoonlijk |
now |
nu |
and |
en |
but |
maar |
or |
of |
very |
zeer, heel |
here |
hier |
there |
daar |
also |
ook |
much |
veel |
another |
een ander |
already |
al |
perhaps |
misschien |
Dutch Question Words
who |
wie |
where |
waar |
what |
wat |
where to |
waar… naartoe |
why |
waarom |
where from |
waar… vandaan |
when |
wanneer |
which |
welk / welke |
how |
hoe |
Isn’t it?, etc. |
niet waar? |
Dutch Numbers
0 |
nul |
|
|
1 |
een |
1st |
eerste |
2 |
twee |
2nd |
tweede |
3 |
drie |
3rd |
drede |
4 |
vier |
4th |
vierde |
5 |
vijf |
5th |
vijfde |
6 |
zes |
6th |
zesde |
7 |
zeven |
7th |
zevende |
8 |
acht |
8th |
achtste |
9 |
negen |
9th |
negende |
10 |
tien |
10th |
tiende |
11 |
elf |
11th |
elfde |
12 |
twaalf |
12th |
twaalfde |
13 |
dertien |
13th |
dertiende |
14 |
veertien |
14th |
veertiende |
15 |
vijftien |
15th |
vijftiende |
16 |
zestien |
16th |
zestiende |
17 |
zeventien |
17th |
zeventiende |
18 |
achttien |
18th |
achttiende |
19 |
negentien |
19th |
negentiende |
20 |
twintig |
20th |
twintigste |
21 |
eenentwintig |
21st |
eenentwintigste |
22 |
tweeëntwintig |
22nd |
tweeëntwintigste |
23 |
drieëntwintig |
23rd |
drieentwintigste |
30 |
dertig |
30th |
dertigste |
40 |
veertig |
40th |
veertigste |
50 |
vijftig |
50th |
vijftigste |
60 |
zestig |
60th |
zestigste |
70 |
zeventig |
70th |
zeventigste |
80 |
tachtig |
80th |
tachtigste |
90 |
negentig |
90th |
negentigste |
100 |
honderd |
100th |
honderdste |
101 |
honderd en een |
101st |
honderd en eerste |
110 |
honderd tien |
110th |
honderd tiende |
200 |
tweehonderd |
200th |
tweehonderdste |
1,000 |
duizend |
1,000th |
duizendste |
1,001 |
duizend en een |
1,001st |
duizend en eerste |
million |
een miljoen |
millionth |
miljoenste |
billion |
een miljard |
billionth |
miljardste |
de helft |
half |
een keer |
once |
een derde |
one third |
twee keer |
twice |
een kwart |
one quarter |
drie keer |
three time |
In the word for twenty-two, the ë is necessary because there are three of the same vowels in a row, and the accent mark shows that the third one needs to be pronounced separately. The use of commas and decimals is reversed in Dutch.
Dutch Days of the Week
Monday |
maandag |
Tuesday |
dinsdag |
Wednesday |
woensdag |
Thursday |
donderdag |
Friday |
vrijdag |
Saturday |
zaterdag |
Sunday |
zondag |
day |
dag |
morning |
ochtend |
afternoon |
middag |
evening |
avond |
night |
nacht |
today |
vandaag |
tomorrow |
morgen |
tonight |
deze nacht |
yesterday |
gisteren |
last night |
(de) afgelopen nacht |
day after tomorrow |
overmorgen |
day before yesterday |
eergisteren |
week |
week |
last week |
afgelopen week |
weekend |
weekend |
daily |
dagelijks |
weekly |
wekelijks |
Dutch Months of the Year
January |
januari |
February |
februari |
March |
maart |
April |
april |
May |
mei |
June |
juni |
July |
juli |
August |
augustus |
September |
september |
October |
oktober |
November |
november |
December |
december |
month |
maand |
year |
jaar |
last year |
het afgelopen jaar |
monthly |
maandelijks |
yearly |
jaarlijks |
Dutch Seasons and Directions
Winter |
de winter |
Spring |
de lente / het voorjaar |
Summer |
de zomer |
Autumn |
de herfst / het najaar |
|
Compass/Wind |
Location/Movement |
|
|
North |
noord |
noorden |
right |
rechts |
South |
zuid |
zuiden |
left |
links |
East |
oost |
oosten |
straight |
rechtdoor |
West |
west |
westen |
|
|
Dutch Colors and Shapes
orange |
oranje |
square |
vierkant |
pink |
roze |
circle |
cirkel |
purple |
paars |
triangle |
driehoek |
blue |
blauw |
rectangle |
rechthoek |
yellow |
geel |
oval |
ovaal |
red |
rood |
box |
vak |
black |
zwart |
sphere |
bol |
brown |
bruin |
cube |
kubus |
gray |
grijs |
pyramid |
piramide |
white |
wit |
cone |
kegel |
green |
groen |
cylinder |
cilinder |
silver |
zilver |
heart |
hart |
gold |
goud |
star |
ster |
beige |
beige |
diamond |
diamant |
light |
licht |
crescent |
halvemaan |
dark |
donker |
|
|
Licht and donker are added to the colors to mean light and dark: lichtbruin – light brown.
Telling Time in Dutch
What time is it? |
Hoe laat is het? |
It’s 1:00 |
Het is een uur. |
2:00 |
Het is twee uur. |
3:30 |
Het is half vier. |
5:45 |
Het is kwart voor zes. |
7:03 |
Het is drie (minuten) over zeven. |
at 9:30 |
om half tien |
noon |
twaalf uur ‘s middags |
midnight |
twaalf uur ‘s nachts / middernacht |
In the morning |
‘s ochtends |
During the day |
‘s middags |
In the evening |
‘s avonds |
At night |
‘s nachts |
Minuten can be omitted, just as in English.
How to talk about the weather in Dutch
ow’s the weather today? |
Wat voor weer is het vandaag? |
It’s cold |
Het is koud |
beautiful |
Het is mooi |
hot |
Het is heet |
clear |
Het is helder |
icy |
Het is ijzig |
warm |
Het is warm |
windy |
Het is windig |
cloudy |
Het is bewolkt |
hazy |
Het is mistig |
muggy |
Het is drukkend / benauwd |
humid |
Het is vochtig |
foggy |
Het is mistig |
It’s snowing |
Het sneeuwt |
It’s raining |
Het regent |
It’s freezing |
Het vriest |
Dutch Family and Pets Vocabulary
family |
familie |
sister-in-law |
schoonzuster |
parents |
ouders |
brother-in-law |
zwager |
mother |
moeder / mamma |
godmother |
meter |
father |
vader / papa |
godfather |
peetvader |
child / children |
kind / kinderen |
boy |
jongen |
son |
zoon |
girl |
meisje (n) |
daughter |
dochter |
child |
kind |
brother |
broeder / broer |
man, husband |
man |
Sister |
zuster / zus |
woman, wife |
vrouw |
grandparents |
grootouder |
friend (m) |
vriend |
grandfather |
grootvader / opa |
friend (f) |
vriendin |
grandmother |
grootmoeder / oma |
adult |
volwassene |
grandchildren |
kleinkinderen |
relative |
bloedverwant |
grandson |
kleinzoon |
siblings |
broers en zusters |
granddaughter |
kleindochter |
twin |
tweeling |
niece / cousin (f) |
nicht |
birth |
geboorte |
nephew / cousin (m) |
neef |
death |
dood |
uncle |
oom |
marriage |
huwelijk (n) |
aunt |
tante |
divorce |
echtscheiding |
stepmother |
stiefmoeder |
|
|
stepfather |
stiefvader |
dog |
hond |
stepdaughter |
stiefdochter |
cat |
poes |
stepson |
stiefzoon |
bird |
vogel |
stepsister |
stiefzuster |
goldfish |
goudvis |
stepbrother |
stiefbroeder |
gerbil |
woestijnrat |
mother-in-law |
schoonmoeder |
hamster |
hamster |
father-in-law |
schoonvader |
ferret |
fret |
daughter-in-law |
schoondochter |
horse |
paard |
son-in-law |
schoonzoon |
pony |
pony |
In the vocabulary lists, (n) after the noun means that the gender is neuter and the definite article is het (rather than de.)
Dutch Verbs Know – Kennen and Weten
kennen – to know people |
|
singular |
plural |
Present: know(s) |
ken |
ken |
kennen |
ken-nuh |
Past: knew |
kende |
ken-duh |
kenden |
ken-duh |
weten – to know facts |
|
singular |
plural |
Present: know(s) |
weet |
vayt |
weten |
vay-tuh |
Past: knew |
wist |
vist |
wisten |
vist-uh |
How to form plural nouns in Dutch
Most plural nouns are formed by adding either -en or -s. Remember that the definite article is always de before plural nouns.
1. -en (the n is pronounced softly) is added to most nouns, with a few spelling changes
boek – boeken book(s)
jas – jassen coat(s)
haar – haren hair(s)
huis – huizen house(s)
Spelling changes: Words with long vowels (aa, ee, oo, and uu) drop the one vowel when another syllable is added. Words with the short vowels (a, e, i, o and u) double the following consonant to keep the vowels short. The letters f and s occur at the end of words or before consonants, while the letters v and z occur in the middle of words before vowels. (These spelling rules are also used for conjugating verbs, so it’s best to memorize them as soon as possible.)
2. -s is added to nouns ending in the unstressed syllables -el, -em, -en, and -er (and -aar(d), -erd, -ier when referring to people), foreign words and to most nouns ending in an unstressed vowel
tafel – tafels table(s)
jongen – jongens boy(s)
tante – tantes aunt(s)
bakker – bakkers baker(s)
Nouns ending in the vowels -a, -o, and -u add an apostrophe before the s: foto’s, paraplu’s
Irregular forms
3. Some nouns containing a short vowel do not double the following consonant in the plural before -en. The plural vowel is then pronounced as long.
bad – baden bath(s)
dag – dagen day(s)
spel – spelen game(s) (like the Olympics, smaller games are spellen)
glas – glazen glass(es)
weg – wegen road(s)
4. A few neuter nouns take the ending -eren (or -deren if the noun ends in -n)
blad – bladeren leaf (leaves)
kind – kinderen child(ren)
ei – eieren egg(s)
been – beenderen bone(s) [Note: been – benen leg(s)]
lied – liederen song(s)
volk – volkeren nation(s), people
5. Nouns ending in -heid have a plural in -heden.
mogelijkheid – mogelijkheden possibility (possibilities)
6. Some other common irregular plurals are:
stad – steden town(s)
schip – schepen ship(s)
lid – leden member(s)
koe – koeien cow(s)
Dutch Possessives: Adjectives and Pronouns
Singular |
|
Plural |
|
mijn (m’n) |
my |
ons / onze |
our |
jouw (je) |
your (informal) |
jullie (je) |
your (informal) |
uw |
your (formal) |
uw |
your (formal) |
zijn (z’n) |
his |
hun |
their |
haar |
her |
zijn (z’n) |
its |
Ons is used before singular neuter/het nouns, and onze is used elsewhere (before singular common/de nouns, and all plural nouns.) Je, the unstressed form of jouw, is commonly used in spoken and written Dutch, unless the speaker/writer wants to stress the pronoun. In the plural,jullie is the norm, unless jullie has already been used in the sentence, then je is used to avoid the redundancy. The other unstressed forms are not commonly written in the standard language, but are commonly spoken and written in informal communication.
Like in English, Dutch possessive adjectives are used in front of a noun to show possession: mijn boek (my book). There are a few ways to express the -‘s used in English too. -s can be added to proper names and members of the family: Jans boek (John’s book) The preposition vancan be used to mean of: het boek van Jan (the book of John = John’s book) And in more colloquial speech, the unstressed forms in parentheses above (agreeing in gender and number) can be used in place of the -s: Jan z’n boek (John’s book)
To form the possessive pronouns, add -e to the stressed forms (except for jullie) and use the correct article. The only way to show possession with jullie is to use van jou (literally meaning “of you”), although all the others can be used with van too.
de/het mijne, jouwe, uwe, zijne, hare, onze, hunne (mine, yours, yours, his/its, hers, ours, theirs)
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