Author name: Vaikundamoni

Italian Classroom-Greetings and Small Talk

Classroom - Italian / By Vaikundamoni

Saying Hello in Italian

INCONTRO TRA AMICHE – Dialogo informale SAYING HELLO TO FRIENDS – informal dialogue

A: Ciao Anna! B: Ciao Francesca, come stai? A: Molto bene grazie, e tu? B: Non c’è male, grazie.

INCONTRO TRA ADULTI – Dialogo formale SAYING HELLO FORMALLY

A: Buongiorno signora Rossi! B: Buongiorno, come sta? A: Abbastanza bene, grazie. E lei? B: Così così.

Saying Goodbye in Italian

Informal:

A: Ciao Monica, ci vediamo dopo! B: Ciao Tania, a più tardi!

A: Buonanotte Valentina, alla prossima volta! B: Ciao, a presto!

Formal:

A: ArrivederLa professoressa! B: Arrivederci ragazzi! A domani!

Introductions in Italian

Informal

A: Giulia, ti presento il mio amico David. B: Piacere di conoscerti! C: Piacere mio!

A: Maria, ecco il mio nuovo vicino. B: Piacere, io sono Maria. Tu come ti chiami? C: Mi chiamo David, piacere!

Formal

A: Buonasera signora Riva, le presento il mio amico. B: Sono Giovanna, molto lieta! C: Piacere, David.

A: Scusi, è lei la dottoressa Rossi? B: Si sono io, e lei come si chiama? A: Sono Maria Ricci, piacere.

Communication

English	Italian	Pronunciation (Audio)
I understand.	Capisco
I don’t understand	Non capisco
Hello (on the phone) / I beg your pardon?	Pronto
What does that mean?	Cosa significa?
I don’t know.	non lo so
I don’t speak Polish.	Non parlo Polacco
I speak a little Polish.	Parlo poco Polacco
Do you speak english? (informal)	Parli Inglese?
Do you speak english? (formal)	Lei parla Inglese?
Yes, I do speak english.	Si, parlo inglese.
No, I don’t speak english.	No, non parlo inglese

Making acquaintances

English	Italian	Pronunciation (Audio)
Please talk more slowly!	Parla più piano perfavore!
Nice to meet you!	Piacere di conoscerti!
How are you?	Come stai?
Good, thank you	Bene, grazie
I’m well, thanks!	Sto bene, grazie!
Not bad, thanks!	Non male, grazie!
very bad	molto male
What’s your name?	Come ti chiami?
My name is […].	mi chiamo
What’s your first name?	Qual’e il tuo nome?
My first name is […]	Il mio nome è
How old are you?	Quanti anni hai?
I’m […] years old.	Ho … anni
What are your hobbies?	Quali sono i tuoi hobby?
What do you like doing?	Cosa ti piace fare?
What are you doing (at the moment)?	Cosa stai facendo adesso?
Where do you live?	Dove abiti?
I live in […]	vivo a
I’m from England	Vengo dall’Inghilterra
I’m English	Sono Inglese

Some Italian Phrases:

English Phrases	Italian Phrases

English Greetings	Italian Greetings:
Hi!	Ciao!
Good morning!	Buongiorno!
Good evening!	Buona sera!
Welcome! (to greet someone)	Benvenuto!/ Benvenuta! (female)
How are you?	Come stai?/ Come state (polite)?
I’m fine, thanks!	Bene, grazie!
And you?	e tu? e lei? (polite)
Good/ So-So.	Bene/ così e così.
Thank you (very much)!	Grazie! / (Molte grazie)!
You’re welcome! (for “thank you”)	Prego!
Hey! Friend!	Ciao! Amico!
I missed you so much!	Mi sei mancato molto!
What’s new?	Cosa c’è di nuovo?
Nothing much	Non molto
Good night!	Buona notte!
See you later!	A dopo
Good bye!	Arrivederci!
Asking for Help and Directions
I’m lost	Mi sono perso/ persa (feminine)
Can I help you?	Posso aiutarti?/ posso aiutarla (polite)?
Can you help me?	Potresti aiutarmi?/ potrebbe aiutarmi? (polite)
Where is the (bathroom/ pharmacy)?	Dove posso trovare (il bagno/ la farmacia?)
Go straight! then turn left/ right!	Vada dritto! e poi giri a destra/ sinistra!
I’m looking for john.	Sto cercando John.
One moment please!	Un momento prego!
Hold on please! (phone)	Attenda prego!
How much is this?	Quanto costa questo?
Excuse me …! (to ask for something)	Scusami!/ Mi scusi! (polite)
Excuse me! ( to pass by)	Permesso
Come with me!	Vieni con me!/ Venga con me! (polite)

How to Make Small Talk in Italian

Making small talk in Italian is just the same as in English. Touch on familiar topics like jobs, sports, children — just say it in Italian! Small talk describes the brief conversations that you have with people you don’t know well. Small talk generally consists of greetings and introductions and descriptions of personal information and interests.

Greetings and introductions

Although the Italians are often more formal than we are in America, you don’t need to wait around to be introduced to someone. Take the initiative to walk up to someone and say hello. The most common ways to greet

someone is to simply say hello (Salve orBuon giorno). The following phrases are all you need to get a conversation started.

Mi chiamo . . . (My name is . . .)
Lei come si chiama? (What’s your name? [Formal])
Permette che mi presenti mia moglie, Fabiana? (May I introduce my wife, Fabiana?).

Greetings and introductions are usually accompanied by a Come sta? (How are you? [Formal]) There are many possible responses, but the most common would be to say I’m doing well (Sto bene!) or I’m so-so (Così così.).

Personal information

After the necessary introductions, small talk is really just a question of sharing information about yourself and asking the other person questions about themselves. The following phrases will come in handy when you’re chitchatting with someone new.

Sono degli . . . (I am from . . .)
Di dov’è Lei? (Where are you from?)
Che lavoro fa? (What is your profession?)
Quanti anni hai? (How old are you?)
Dove vite? (Where do you live?)
Sono uno studente/ studentessa. [M/F] (I’m a student.)
Sono insegnante. [M]/Faccio l’insegnate. [F] (I’m a teacher.)
Sei sposato? [M]/Sei sposata? [F] (Are you married?)
Hai dei figli? [Informal] (Do you have any children?)
Ho tre figli. (I have three children.)
Sono uno studente. [M]/Sono una studentessa. [F] (I’m a student.)

Remember to use the formal Lei version of you when meeting someone for the first time.

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Italian Classroom-Possessives

Classroom - Italian / By Vaikundamoni

Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Pronouns:

Maschile singolare	Maschile plurale	Femminile singolare	Femminile plurale
il mioil tuo il suo il nostro il vostro il loro	i mieii tuoi i suoi i nostri i vostri i loro	la miala tua la sua la nostra la vostra la loro	le miele tue le sue le nostre le vostre le loro

– See more at: http://linguaworld.in/russian-polish-classes/italian-classes-2/#sthash.vjyhbfRY.dpuf]]>

Italian Classroom-Questions in Italian

Classroom - Italian / By Vaikundamoni

Question Words in Italian:

Who	Chi	kee
Whose	Di chi	dee kee
What	Che cosa	keh koh-sah
Why	Perché	pehr-keh
When	Quando	kwahn-doh
Where	Dove	doh-veh
How	Come	koh-meh
How much	Quanto	kwahn-toh
Which	Quale	kwah-leh

To communicate in Italian and to travel with ease, there are practical questions in Italian (or any language for that matter) that you’ll use daily and have to know:

Parla inglese? (pahr-lah een-gleh-zeh) (Do you speak English?)
Chi? (kee) (Who?)
Cosa? (koh-sah) (What?)
Quando? (kwahn-doh) (When?)
Dove? (doh-veh) (Where?)
Perché? (pehr-keh) (Why?)
Come? (koh-meh) (How?)
Quanto? (kwanh-toh) (How much?)

Try these helpful phrases:

Dov’è la stazione? (doh-veh lah stah-tsyoh-neh) (Where is the station?)
Scusi, dov’è il bagno? (skooh-zee doh-veh eel bahn-yoh) (Where is the bathroom?)
Quanto dista il Colosseo? (kwahn-toh dees-tah eel koh-lohs-seh-oh) (How far is the Coloseum?)
Dove si mangia il miglior gelato? (doh-veh see mahn-jah eel meel-yohrgeh-lah-toh) (Where can you get the best ice cream?)

Come si arriva in Piazza della Repubblica? (koh-meh see ahr-ree-vah een pyahts-sah dehl-lah reh-pooh-blee-kah) (How do you get to Piazza della Repubblica?)

Asking Simple Questions in Italian

You usually ask a question to start a conversation. Of course, you don’t necessarily have to ask the well-known: “Nice weather today, isn’t it?” You have lots of other possibilities for framing a question. A few simple key words for asking questions are as follows:

Chi? (kee) (Who?)

Che? (keh) (What?)

Che cosa? (keh koh-zah) (What?) (This is the preferred use.)

Dove? (doh-veh) (Where?)

Quando? (koo-ahn-doh) (When?)

Perché? (pehr-keh) (Why?)

Come? (koh-meh) (How?)

Quanto? (koo-ahn-toh) (How much?)

Quale? (koo-ah-leh) (Which?)

To be sure, these single words won’t help you that much in starting a conversation. You may want to have the following practical examples up your sleeve when a chance for small talk arises:

Chi è? (kee eh) (Who’s that?)

Scusi, che ore sono? (skoo-zee kee oh-reh soh-noh) (Excuse me, what time is it?)

Che cosa ha detto? (keh koh-zah ah deht-toh) (What did you say?) (formal)

Dov’è la stazione? (doh-veh lah sta-tsee-oh-neh) (Where is the station?)

Quando parte l’aereo? (koo-ahn-doh pahr-teh lah-eh-reh-oh) (When is the plane leaving?)

Perché va a Milano? (pehr-keh vah ah mee-lah-noh) (Why are you going to Milan?)

Com’è il tempo? (kohm-eh eel tehm-poh) (How is the weather?)

Quanto dura il volo? (koo-ahn-toh doo-rah eel voh-loh) (How long is the flight?)

Qual è l’autobus per il centro? (koo-ahl-eh lah-oo-toh-boos pehr eelchehn-troh) (Which is the bus to downtown?)

Here’s a tiny, but practical, grammar hint. You know that little things in life can change the world. Although not as dramatic, a tiny little accent can change the meaning of a word. You may have already noticed the word è (eh) (he/she/it is) and its accent. This accent distinguishes this word from another little word, e (eh) (and), which looks the same but has another meaning. Needless to say, both of these words are used quite frequently.

è(eh) = he/she/it is e (eh) = and You may wonder how Italians make out the difference between the two sounds. Quite easily! You can see the accent in written communication; however, when speaking, the difference lies first in hearing the pronunciation — the è is slightly more open, as in hell — whereas the e sounds more like the e in gourmet. And second, when speaking, you don’t need to differentiate between the two words because the context tells you which is which. How do you ask basic questions in Italian? Well, Italian interrogative words mean the same as they do for English: who, what, when, where, why, and how. By knowing basic Italian interrogatives, you’ll be able to express your questions, even without an extensive vocabulary. For example, say you’re at a Italian street market and you want find a beautiful antique clock. If you know enough vocabulary, you could say “Quanto è questo orologio antico?“ (“How much is this antique clock?”). But if you don’t know the correct words, you can also point to the clock and simply say“Quanto è?“ and the seller will understand that you want to know the price.

Chi? (Who?)
Che?; Cosa?; Che cosa? (What?)
Quando? (When?)
Dove? (Where?)
Perchè? (Why?)
Come? (How?)
Quante?; Quanti? Quanto?, Quanta? (How much?; How many?)
Quale? (Which?)
C’è? Ci sono? (Is there? Are there?)
Cosa c’è means “What is there?” or “Is there . . . ?,” but it can also mean “What’s wrong?”

In addition to the standard interrogatives, you may also form questions simply by changing the tone of your voice. For example,Avete mangiato bene (You ate well) becomes Avete mangiato bene? (Did you eat well?).

Although most of these examples, don’t’ include the courteous “excuse me” and “please”, you should get into the habit of beginning your sentences withscusi (formal) or scusa (informal), and then adding per favore or per cortesia at the end. Let’s look at some different ways to put these question words into a variety useful phrases.

Scusa. parli inglese? [Informal]; Scusi. parla inglese? [Formal] (Excuse me. Do you speak English?)

Me lo traduce, per cortesia? [Formal]; Me lo traduci, per cortesia? [Informal] (Will you translate it for me, please?)

Può parlare più lentamente? [Formal] (Can you speak more slowly?)

Può ripetere, per favore? [Formal] (Can you please repeat that?)

Perchè fanno così? (Why are they doing that?)

Perchè sei in ritardo? (Why are you late?)

Chi è? (Who is it?)

Altro? (Anything else?)

Desidera altro? (Would you like anything else?)

Pronto! Chi parla? (Hello! Who’s speaking? [Answering your phone.])

Che cosa è questo? (What is this?)

Cosa fai? (What are you doing?)

Com‘è quel ristorante? (How’s that restaurant?)

C‘è un problema? (Is there a problem?)

Qual è il cambio di oggi? (What is the exchange rate today?)

Dov‘è un Bancomat? (Where is an ATM machine?)

Dov‘è la stazione? (Where is the train station?)

Può mostrarmi dov‘è? [Formal] (Can you show me where it is?)

Quale strada devo prendere? (Which street should I take?)

Dove sono i miei amici? (Where are my friends?)

Scusi/Scusa. dov‘è il bagno? (Excuse me. Where is the bathroom?; The bathroom, please.)

Dove si trova . . . ? (Where is . . .?)

A che ora bisogna lasciare la camera? (What time is checkout time?)

A che ora chiudete? (What time do you close?)

Dov‘è il mercato coperto? (Where is the covered market?)

Quanto? (How much?)

Quanto costa?/Quanto è? (How much does it cost?)

Scusi, che prezzo fa questo? (Excuse me, how much is this?)

Che orario fate? (What are the store’s hours?)

To turn a sentence into a question, sometimes you have to reverse the word order and place the subject at the end of the sentence. For example, Gli studenti sono bravi (The students are smart) becomes Sono bravi gli studenti? (Are the students smart?).

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Spanish Classroom-Present Progressive Tense in Spanish

Classroom - Spanish, Learn Spanish / By Vaikundamoni

Present Progressive Forms in Spanish:

The present progressive tense combines the present indicative of the verb estar (to be) with the present participle of another verb to indicate an action in progress. The present progressive tells what a person “is doing” right now.

Estoy hablando con mi madre. (I am speaking with my mother (right now).)
Los niños están jugando en el patio. (The children are playing in the yard (right now).)
¿Estás yendo a la tienda ahora? (Are you going to the store now?)

The present participle never changes according to the tense. The progressive tense can be used in any time reference simply by changing the tense of estar, creating the present progressive, preterite progressive, the imperfect progressive, the future progressive, etc. This article explains how to form and when to use the present progressive tense.

Present Progressive Forms

The present progressive is a verb phrase consisting of both estar (the “is” part which indicates the tense) and the present participle (the “-ing” part which indicates what the action is). To form the present progressive, conjugate estar to the present indicative tense and add the present participle form of the verb that the person is actually doing. Present Progressive Formula: estar + present participle (verb stem + -ando for -ar verbs/-iendo for -er and -ir verbs)

Estoy hablando	I am speaking	Estamos hablando	We are speaking
Estás hablando	You are speaking	Estáis hablando	You (all) are speaking
Está hablando	You (formal) are speaking He/she is speaking	Están hablando	You (all, formal) are speaking They are speaking

Present Progressive Uses

Single Current Actions

Simply, what a person is doing right now, and action they are currently participating in.

Está escribiendo un ensayo para su clase de español. (He is writing an essay for his Spanish class.)
Estamos cocinando la cena. (We are cooking dinner (right now).)
Están durmiendo en el dormitorio pequeño. (They are sleeping in the small bedroom (right now).)

In English and Spanish, this is usually expressed using the present progressive, but it is possible to use the present tense in Spanish as well.

¿Qué haces? (What are you doing?)
Limpio la cocina. (I’m cleaning the kitchen.)
¿Cómo estás? (How are you doing?)
Estoy bien, gracias. (I´m doing well, thank you.)

1. APRENDER :		to learn
Yo:	estoy aprendiendo	Nosotros:	estamos aprendiendo
Tú:	estás aprendiendo	Vosotros:	estáis aprendiendo
Ella:	está aprendiendo	Ellos:	están aprendiendo

2. ASISTIR :		to attend
Yo:	estoy asistiendo	Nosotros:	estamos asistiendo
Tú:	estás asistiendo	Vosotros:	estáis asistiendo
Ella:	está asistiendo	Ellos:	están asistiendo

3. BORRAR :		to erase
Yo:	estoy borrando	Nosotros:	estamos borrando
Tú:	estás borrando	Vosotros:	estáis borrando
Ella:	está borrando	Ellos:	están borrando

4. CANTAR :		to sing
Yo:	estoy cantando	Nosotros:	estamos cantando
Tú:	estás cantando	Vosotros:	estáis cantando
Ella:	está cantando	Ellos:	están cantando

5. COMER :		to eat
Yo:	estoy comiendo	Nosotros:	estamos comiendo
Tú:	estás comiendo	Vosotros:	estáis comiendo
Ella:	está comiendo	Ellos:	están comiendo

6. COMPRENDER :		to understand
Yo:	estoy comprendiendo	Nosotros:	estamos comprendiendo
Tú:	estás comprendiendo	Vosotros:	estáis comprendiendo
Ella:	está comprendiendo	Ellos:	están comprendiendo

7. CREER :		to believe
Yo:	estoy creyendo	Nosotros:	estamos creyendo
Tú:	estás creyendo	Vosotros:	estáis creyendo
Ella:	está creyendo	Ellos:	están creyendo

8. DAR :		to give
Yo:	estoy dando	Nosotros:	estamos dando
Tú:	estás dando	Vosotros:	estáis dando
Ella:	está dando	Ellos:	están dando

9. DESPERTARSE :		to wake up
Yo:	me estoy despertando	Nosotros:	nos estamos despertando
Tú:	te estás despertando	Vosotros:	os estáis despertando
Ella:	se está despertando	Ellos:	se están despertando

10. DORMIR :		to sleep
Yo:	estoy durmiendo	Nosotros:	estamos durmiendo
Tú:	estás durmiendo	Vosotros:	estáis durmiendo
Ella:	está durmiendo	Ellos:	están durmiendo

11. ESCUCHAR :		to listen
Yo:	estoy escuchando	Nosotros:	estamos escuchando
Tú:	estás escuchando	Vosotros:	estáis escuchando
Ella:	está escuchando	Ellos:	están escuchando

12. ESTAR :		to be
Yo:	estoy estando	Nosotros:	estamos estando
Tú:	estás estando	Vosotros:	estáis estando
Ella:	está estando	Ellos:	están estando

13. ESTUDIAR :		to study
Yo:	estoy estudiando	Nosotros:	estamos estudiando
Tú:	estás estudiando	Vosotros:	estáis estudiando
Ella:	está estudiando	Ellos:	están estudiando

14. HABLAR :		to speak
Yo:	estoy hablando	Nosotros:	estamos hablando
Tú:	estás hablando	Vosotros:	estáis hablando
Ella:	está hablando	Ellos:	están hablando

15. IR :		to go
Yo:	estoy yendo	Nosotros:	estamos yendo
Tú:	estás yendo	Vosotros:	estáis yendo
Ella:	está yendo	Ellos:	están yendo

16. LEER :		to read
Yo:	estoy leyendo	Nosotros:	estamos leyendo
Tú:	estás leyendo	Vosotros:	estáis leyendo
Ella:	está leyendo	Ellos:	están leyendo

17. LEVANTARSE :		to get up
Yo:	me estoy levantando	Nosotros:	nos estamos levantando
Tú:	te estás levantando	Vosotros:	os estáis levantando
Ella:	se está levantando	Ellos:	se están levantando

18. MIRAR :		to watch
Yo:	estoy mirando	Nosotros:	estamos mirando
Tú:	estás mirando	Vosotros:	estáis mirando
Ella:	está mirando	Ellos:	están mirando

19. MONTAR :		to ride
Yo:	estoy montando	Nosotros:	estamos montando
Tú:	estás montando	Vosotros:	estáis montando
Ella:	está montando	Ellos:	están montando

20. PEDIR :		to ask for
Yo:	estoy pidiendo	Nosotros:	estamos pidiendo
Tú:	estás pidiendo	Vosotros:	estáis pidiendo
Ella:	está pidiendo	Ellos:	están pidiendo

21. QUERER :		to want
Yo:	estoy queriendo	Nosotros:	estamos queriendo
Tú:	estás queriendo	Vosotros:	estáis queriendo
Ella:	está queriendo	Ellos:	están queriendo

22. QUITARSE :		to take off (clothes)
Yo:	me estoy quitando	Nosotros:	nos estamos quitando
Tú:	te estás quitando	Vosotros:	os estáis quitando
Ella:	se está quitando	Ellos:	se están quitando

23. SALIR :		to leave
Yo:	estoy saliendo	Nosotros:	estamos saliendo
Tú:	estás saliendo	Vosotros:	estáis saliendo
Ella:	está saliendo	Ellos:	están saliendo

24. SENTIR :		to feel
Yo:	estoy sintiendo	Nosotros:	estamos sintiendo
Tú:	estás sintiendo	Vosotros:	estáis sintiendo
Ella:	está sintiendo	Ellos:	están sintiendo

25. SER :		to be
Yo:	estoy siendo	Nosotros:	estamos siendo
Tú:	estás siendo	Vosotros:	estáis siendo
Ella:	está siendo	Ellos:	están siendo

26. TOMAR :		to take
Yo:	estoy tomando	Nosotros:	estamos tomando
Tú:	estás tomando	Vosotros:	estáis tomando
Ella:	está tomando	Ellos:	están tomando

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Spanish Classroom-Present Tense in Spanish

Classroom - Spanish / By Vaikundamoni

Present Tense in Spanish

Spanish Grammar Rules: El Presente Indicativ

In Spanish, verbs are classified into three types.

Verbs ending in -AR,
Verbs ending in -ER
Verbs ending in -IR.

Spanish Regular Verbs in Present Tense

With regular verbs in Spanish, only the ending part of that verb (the -ar, -er or -ir part) changes depending on who does the action. However, unlike English, there is a different ending for each subject (pronoun). To begin, we will show you how to conjugate the verb in the present tense: (Notice how the part of the verb in red is the part that changes)

Present Tense Verbs in Spanish - Conjugation

Before you continue reading, make sure you know about Subject Pronouns in Spanish (yo, tú, él etc.). If you have the verb Hablar (to speak) and you want to say “I speak”. You just remove the last two letters of the verb (in this case remove the -ar) and add the letter -O to the end to create the conjugated verb Hablo which means “I speak”. Another example: if you want to say “They eat”, we take the original verb, in this case Comer, we remove the ending (-er) and then add -EN to the end (because ellos = they). We now have Comen (they eat). You will notice that certain verb endings are repeated. For example for YO (I) we take off the ending for all regular verbs and add the -O to the root (main part) of the verb. Also see how the only difference between -ER verbs and -IR verb endings is when we use nosotros (we) andvosotros (you/plural/informal). The subject pronoun (yo, tú, nosotros etc.) is often omitted before the verb since we normally know who the subject (the person doing the action) is because of the verb’s ending. For example: If you say “Hablamos español” (we speak Spanish). You don’t need to put the pronoun nosotros before the verb because we know that when we say hablamos, it refers to nosotros (we). So often you will hear or just read “Hablamos español” without the pronoun nosotros.

Spanish Irregular Verbs in Present Tense

The following verbs are only irregular in the first person (singular). The rest of the conjugations are as normal (see regular verbs above). I.- First Person Verbs ending in -Y The following verbs are a part of this group: Estar (to be) – Dar (to give)

Subject	Estar
Yo	estoy
Tú	estás
Él	está
Ella	está
Usted	está
Nosotros / Nosotras	estamos
Vosotros / Vosotras	estáis
Ellos / Ellas	están
Ustedes	están

Yo estoy feliz. (I am happy)
Yo estoy en mi casa. (I’m at home)
Yo doy propinas (I give tips).

II.- First Person Verbs ending in -GO The following verbs are a part of this group: Hacer (to do) – Poner (to put) – Salir (to go out) – Valer (to cost/be worth)

Subject	Hacer
Yo	hago
Tú	haces
Él	hace
Ella	hace
Usted	hace
Nosotros / Nosotras	hacemos
Vosotros / Vosotras	hacéis
Ellos / Ellas	hacen
Ustedes	hacen

Yo hago mis tareas (I do my homework).
Yo pongo la leche en el refrigerador.
Yo salgo con mis amigos. (I go out with my friends)
Yo valgo mucho (I’m worth it)

III.- First Person Verbs ending in -ZCO Verbs that end in -cir and -cer change to -zco in third person. The following verbs are a part of this group: Conducir(to drive) – Conocer (to know) – Traducir (to translate)

Subject	Conducir
Yo	conduzco
Tú	conduces
Él	conduce
Ella	conduce
Usted	conduce
Nosotros / Nosotras	conducimos
Vosotros / Vosotras	conducís
Ellos / Ellas	conducen
Ustedes	conducen

Yo conduzco mi coche. (I drive my car)
Yo conozco a muchas personas. (I know many people)
Yo traduzco canciones. (I translate songs)

Remember these verbs are only irregular in the first person (singular), the rest of the verb has the same rules as regular present tense conjugations.

Spanish Verbs that have Stem Changes

There are four types of verbs where the stem of the verb is irregular and changes. In the present tense these are verbs that change their stem from O to UE, from U to UE, E to IE, and E to I. Note that this stem change does nothappen when the verb is for nosotros o vosotros (these maintain the original stem of the verb). I.- Stem changes from O to UE The letter “O” in the stem of the infinitive verb changes to “UE” in the conjugations.

Subject	Almorzar
Yo	Almuerzo
Tú	Almuerzas
Él	Almuerza
Ella	Almuerza
Usted	Almuerza
Nosotros / Nosotras	Almorzamos
Vosotros / Vosotras	Almorzáis
Ellos / Ellas	Almuerzan
Ustedes	Almuerzan

Yo almuerzo con mis amigos. (I have lunch with my friends)
Tú almuerzas todos los días en un restaurante. (You have lunch in a restaurant every day)
Ellos almuerzan comida chilena. (They have Chilean food for lunch)

II.- Stem changes from E to IE The letter “E” in the stem of the infinitive verb changes to “IE” in the conjugations.

Subject	Sentir
Yo	siento
Tú	sientes
Él	siente
Ella	siente
Usted	siente
Nosotros / Nosotras	sentimos
Vosotros / Vosotras	sentís
Ellos / Ellas	sienten
Ustedes	sienten

Ellos sienten frío. (She feels cold)
Tú sientes un dolor de cabeza. (You have a headache)
Él siente una presencia. (He feels a presence)

III.- Stem changes from E to I The letter “E” in the stem of the infinitive verb changes to “I” in the conjugations.

Subject	Pedir
Yo	pido
Tú	pides
Él	pide
Ella	pide
Usted	pide
Nosotros / Nosotras	pedimos
Vosotros / Vosotras	pedís
Ellos / Ellas	piden
Ustedes	piden

Yo pido una bebida. (I ask for a drink)
Usted pide un vaso de agua. (You ask for a glass of water)
El animador pide un aplauso para el artista. (The presenter asks for applause for the artist)

IV.- Stem changes from U to UE The letter “U” in the stem of the infinitive verb changes to “UE” in the conjugations. Note that the verb Jugar is the only verb that is irregular in this way.

Subject	Jugar
Yo	juego
Tú	juegas
Él	juega
Ella	juega
Usted	juega
Nosotros / Nosotras	jugamos
Vosotros / Vosotras	jugáis
Ellos / Ellas	juegan
Ustedes	juegan

Yo juego en mi pieza. (I play in my room)
Tú juegas fútbol. (You play football)
Usted juega baloncesto. (You play basketball)

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Spanish Adjectives

Classroom - Spanish, Learn Spanish / By Vaikundamoni

Spanish Adjectives

English adjectives may occur before or after. Spanish adjectives change their endings to ‘agree’ in gender and number with the noun or noun phrase that they are modifying. Masculine adjectives end in -o and adjectives that end in -a are generally feminine. Adjectives that end in -e it can be used with feminine and masculine nouns; the article indicates gender. When the adjective modifies a plural noun, add -s to the adjective. If a masculine or feminine adjective ends in a consonant, add -es to make the adjective plural.

Details and examples

Adjectives tell you something about the noun or noun phrase, for example:

La alumna colombiana. The Colombian student.
El profesor venezolano. The Venezuelan teacher.

Adjectives that end in -o are masculine:

Un amigo argentino. An Argentinian friend.
El curso divertido. The fun course.
El muchacho guapo. The handsome boy.

Masculine plurals end in -os:

Los amigos argentinos. The Argentinian friends.
Los cursos divertidos. The fun courses.
Los muchachos guapos. The handsome boys.

Adjectives that end in -a are usually feminine:

La muchacha bonita. The pretty girl.
La escuela antigua. The old school.
La amiga simpática. The nice friend.

Feminine plurals end in -as:

Las muchachas bonitas. The pretty girls. Las escuelas antiguas.
The old schools. Las amigas simpáticas. The nice friends.

Some adjectives end in -e and the plural form ends in -es: El curso interesante. The interesting course. Las clases interesantes. The interesting classes. La alumna inteligente. The intelligent student. Los alumnos inteligentes. The intelligent students. Some adjectives end in a consonant and the plural is formed with -es: El curso difícil – Los cursos difíciles.

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Spanish Classroom- Use of SER, ESTAR and GUSTAR in Spanish

Classroom - Spanish / By Vaikundamoni

When do we use these verbs?

Ser (to be)

Ser is used to talk about things that are considered to be permanent/unchanging and to say who/what you are and where you are from:

Soy alemán. (I am German.)
Él es inteligente. (He is intelligent.)
Ellos son médicos. (They are doctors.)
Ella es María. (She is Maria.)
Nosotros somos de Venezuela. (We are from Venezuela.)

Estar (to be)

Estar is used to describe states that are temporary like moods or how you feel, to describe location, and (followed by a gerund) it is also used to say what you’re doing.

Estoy cansada. (I’m tired.)
Estamos emocionados. (We’re excited.)
Ella está muy enojada. (She is very angry.)
Mi madre está en el supermercado. (My mother is in the supermarket.)
Juan está en Roma. (Juan is in Rome.)
Estamos comiendo una ensalada. (We’re eating a salad.)
¿Qué están haciendo ellos? (What are they doing?)

Gustar (to like)

To talk about things you like, use “gusta” (singular) or “gustan” (plural). To talk about activities you like doing, use “gusta”). We use the indirect object pronouns: me / te / le / nos / os / les before the verb “gustar” to indicate the person who likes what is being mentioned. To emphasize the person that likes the thing/activity we add the following prepositional phrases: A mí / A tí / A él-ella-usted / A nosotros-as / A vosotros-as / A ellos-ellas-ustedes. Me gusta el café. (I like coffee.) ¿Te gusta el té? (Do you like tea?) ¿Os gusta pasear por el centro? (Do you like walking around downtown ?) Le gusta caminar por la playa. (S/he likes to walk on the beach.) Me gusta la música clásica. (I like classical music.) ¿A tí te gusta el chocolate? (Do you like chocolate?) A ellos les gustan los conciertos. (They like concerts.) A Pedro le gusta practicar deportes. A él le gusta practicar deportes. (He likes doing sports.) A nosotros nos gusta bailar tango. (We like to dance the tango.)

Vocabulary

Nouns and adjectives

niño = child (masculine).
biblioteca = library.
gimnasio = gym.
parque de diversiones = amusement park.
escuela de música = music school.
músico = musician.
instrumento musical = musical instrument.
profesor = teacher.
salón de clase = classroom.
artesano = artisan.
taller = studio, workshop.
arte = art.
libros = books.

Adjectives

estudioso = studious, bookish.
deportista = sporty, athletic.
divertido = fun.
artístico = artistic.
amable = kind.

Verbs

estudiar = to study.
practicar deportes = to practice sports.
divertirse = to have fun.
estar en casa = to be at home.
tocar (instrumentos) = to play (instruments).
enseñar = to teach.
ayudar a las personas = to help people.

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Spanish Classroom-Nouns & articles in Spanish Grammar

Classroom - Spanish / By Vaikundamoni

Nouns

Nouns are used to name all sorts of things: people, animals, objects, places, ideas, emotions, feelings, virtues, defects. Examples of nouns in English: cat, dog, house, river, Richard, Santiago, Chile, boy, love, selfishness, courage, loyalty, etc.

Gender

In Spanish, nouns may be masculine or feminine. Unlike English, in Spanish even inanimate nouns are classified as masculine or feminine. You can usually tell whether a noun is masculine or feminine by its ending.

Nouns ending in ‘s’ are masculine: país, autobús, mes, compas
Nouns ending in ‘ma’ are masculine: puma, sistema, tema
Nouns ending in ‘r’, are masculine: motor, par, cráter
Nouns ending in ‘l’, are masculine: pastel, papel, redil, mantel
Nouns ending in ‘o’ are masculine: libro, niño, sueño, diccionario
Nouns ending in ‘n’ are masculine: jabón, jardín, capitán, atún
About 50% of nouns ending in ‘e’ are masculine: puente, diente, peine

Perhaps ‘SMARLONE’ will help you to remember the above!

Nouns ending in ‘a’ are feminine: niña, mesa, ventana
Nouns ending in ‘ción’ are feminine: canción, nación, situación
Nouns ending in ‘sión’ are feminine: profesión, posesión,
Nouns ending in ‘d’ are feminine: amistad, ciudad, voluntad
Nouns ending in ‘z’ are feminine: paz, cruz, luz
About 50% of nouns ending in ‘e’ are feminine:

Nouns ending in -ista can be masculine or feminine: turista, dentista, periodista.
Nouns ending in -ente can be masculine or feminine: gerente, cliente, dirigente.
Nouns ending in -ante can be masculine or feminine: visitante, agente, dibujante.

Singular and Plural Nouns in Spanish

Most Spanish nouns are either singular (one) or plural (several). The plural of nouns that end in a vowel (-a, -e, -i, -o, -u) is usually formed by adding an -s. Examples: silla/sillas; padre/padres; taxi/taxis; mango/mangos; Nouns that end in a consonant usually form the plural by adding -es. Examples: cartel/carteles; pared/paredes; joven/jóvenes Exceptions include nouns ending in -s or -x which have the same form in both singular and plural: Examples: virus/virus, tórax/tórax, crisis/crisis.

Orthographic rule

When a noun ends in -z, the plural is formed by changing -z to -ces. el lápiz, los lápices; la raíz, las raíces. Nouns ending in -í, -ú, -tonics, add -es. el colibrí, los colibríes; el bambú, los bambúes; el rubí, los rubíes.

The Article

This is the word that goes before the noun, like a/an or the in English. Articles may be definite or indefinite, and feminine or masculine, and singular or plural.

Indefinite articles

As in English, we use the indefinite article when we are talking about someone or something without specifying precisely which person or thing, e.g. “Do you have a pen (any pen)?” Although in English the indefinite article is always a/an, in Spanish the choice of indefinite article has to agree with the gender of the noun being referred to: un hombre, una donna, un coche, una casa. The equivalent of the English ‘some’ as in I met some friends is unos (masculine) and unas (feminine).

Definite articles

The definite article is used when we are talking about a particular person or thing, e.g. “Do you have the tickets (the tickets for the theater show that we are going to now)?” In English, the same definite article is used with all nouns, masculine, feminine and others: the man, the woman, the car, the house. In Spanish, a different definite article is used depending on gender: el hombre, la mujer, el coche, la casa. In English, the same definite article is used with all nouns, singular, plural, and uncountable/mass nouns: the man, the men; the woman, the women; the house, the houses; the rice; the fear. In Spanish, a different definite article is used with singular and plural nouns: el hombre, los hombres; la mujer, las mujeres; el coche, los coches, la casa, las casas. When something is mentioned for the first time, we often use an indefinite article; when we mention the same thing later, we often use a definite article. Example: Estaba sentado en una silla. La silla se rompió. (He was sitting on a chair. The chair broke.)

The Neutral Article

In Spanish, a neutral article is placed before an adjective which is being used as a noun. Examples: Su conducción es lo peor. (His driving is the worst.) Lo interesante del libro son los ejercicios. (The interesting thing about the book is the exercises.)

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Spanish Classroom-Essential Vocabulary

Classroom - Spanish / By Vaikundamoni

Numbers, Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons

Number in English	Pronunciation in Spanish	Number in English	Pronunciation in Spanish
0	cero	19	diecinueve
1	uno	20	viente
2	dos	30	treinta
3	tres	40	cuarenta
4	cuatro	50	cincuenta
5	cinco	60	seisenta
6	seis	70	setenta
7	siete	80	ochenta
8	ocho	90	noventa
9	nueve	100	cien
10	diez	200	dos cientos
11	once	500	quinientos
12	doce	1000	un mil
13	trece	2000	dos mil
14	catorce	5000	cinco mil
15	quince	100,000	cien mil
16	dieciséis	1,000,000	un millón
17	diecisiete	451	cuatrocientos cincuenta y uno
18	dieciocho	2009	dos mil nueve

Days of the Week:		Months of the Year:		Other:
domingo	sunday	enero	January	día	day
lunes	monday	febrero	February	hoy	today
martes	tuesday	marzo	March	ayer	yesterday
miércoles	wednesday	abríl	April	mañana	tomorrow
jueves	thursday	mayo	May	la semana	week
viernes	friday	junio	June	próximo/a	next
sábado	saturday	julio	July	último/a	last
		agosto	August	mez	month
Seasons:		se(p)tiembre	September	año	year
la primavera	spring	octubre	October	el década	decade
el verano	summer	noviembre	November	el siglo	century
el otoño	autumn	diciembre	December	pasado mañana	day after tomorrow
el invierno	winter			anteayer	day before yesterday

Spanish Family Words

English	Spanish	English	Spanish
the aunt	la tía	the grandpa	el abuelo
the boyfriend	el novio	the grandparents	los abuelos
the brother	el hermano	the husband	el marido
the brother-in-law	el cuñado	the mom	la mama
the cousins	los primos	the mother	la madre
the dad	el papa	the mother-in-law	la suegra
the daughter	la hija	the nephew	el sobrino
the daughter-in-law	la nuera	the niece	la sobrina
the family	la famila	the relationships	las relaciones
the father	el padre	the sister	la hermana
the father-in-law	el suegro	the sister-in-law	la cuñada
the fiancé	el prometido	the son	el hijo
the friend	el amigo	the son-in-law	el yerno
the girlfriend	la novia	the uncle	el tío
the grandma	la abuela	the wife	la esposa

Weather and Natural Disasters

English	Spanish	English	Spanish
the cloud	la nube	it’s windy	hace viento
cloudy	nublado	the rain	la lluvia
cold	frío	the snow	la nieve
the flood	la inundación de agua	the sun	el sol
the fog	la neblina	it’s sunny	hace sol
foggy	nebuloso	the temperature	la temperatura
hot	calor	the thermometer	el termómetro
the humidity	la humedad	the tornado	el tornado
the hurricane	el huracán	windy	ventoso

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Spanish Classroom-Verbs and Conjugation

Classroom - Spanish / By Vaikundamoni

AR Ending Verbs

All AR ending verbs (that are regular) will have conjugation done in this way for present, past and future conditions. Some regular AR ending verbs are listed below these charts.

Present Tense		drop -AR ending and add:
I	yo	-o	hablar (to speak) => yo hablo (I speak)
you (informal)	tú	-as	tú hablas (you speak)
you (formal)	usted	-a	ud. habla (you speak)
we	nosotros	-amos	nosotros hablamos (we speak)
you (informal)	vosotros	-áis	vosotros habláis (you all/they speak)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-an	uds. hablan (you all/they speak)

Past Tense		drop -AR ending and add:
I	yo	-é	hablar (to speak) => yo hablé (I spoke)
you (informal)	tú	-aste	tú hablaste (you spoke)
you (formal)	usted	-ó	ud. habló (you spoke)
we	nosotros	-amos	nosotros hablamos (we spoke)
you (informal)	vosotros	-asteis	vosotros hablasteis (you all/they spoke)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-aron	uds. hablaron (you all/they speak)

Future Tense		drop -AR ending and add:
I	yo	-aré	hablar (to speak) => yo hablaré (I will speak)
you (informal)	tú	-arás	tú hablarás (you will speak)
you (formal)	usted	-ará	ud. hablará (you will speak)
we	nosotros	-aremos	nosotros hablaremos (we will speak)
you (informal)	vosotros	-aréis	vosotros hablaréis (you all/they will speak)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-arán	uds. hablarán (you all/they will speak)

ER Ending Verbs

All ER ending verbs (that are regular) will have conjugation done in this way for present, past and future conditions. Some regular ER ending verbs are listed below these charts.

Present Tense		drop -ER ending and add:
I	yo	-o	vender (to sell) => yo vendo (I sell)
you (informal)	tú	-es	tú vendes (you sell)
you (formal)	usted	-e	ud. vende (you sell)
we	nosotros	-emos	nosotros vendemos (we sell)
you (informal)	vosotros	-éis	vosotros vendéis (you all/they sell)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-en	uds. venden (you all/they sell)

Past Tense		drop -ER ending and add:
I	yo	-í	vender (to sell) => yo vendí (I sold)
you (informal)	tú	-iste	tú vendiste (you sold)
you (formal)	usted	-ió	ud. vendió (you sold)
we	nosotros	-imos	nosotros vendimos (we sold)
you (informal)	vosotros	-isteis	vosotros vendisteis (you all/they sold)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-ieron	uds. vendieron (you all/they sold)

Future Tense		drop -ER ending and add:
I	yo	-eré	vender (to sell) =>yo venderé (I will sell)
you (informal)	tú	-erás	tú venderás (you will sell)
you (formal)	usted	-erá	ud. venderá (you will sell)
we	nosotros	-eremos	nosotros venderemos (we will sell)
you (informal)	vosotros	-eréis	vosotros venderéis (you all/they will sell)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-erán	uds. venderán (you all/they will sell)

IR Ending Verbs

All IR ending verbs (that are regular) will have conjugation done in this way for present, past and future conditions. Some regular IR ending verbs are listed below these charts.

Present Tense		drop -IR ending and add:
I	yo	-o	vivir (to live) => yo vivo (I live)
you (informal)	tú	-es	tú vives (you live)
you (formal)	usted	-e	ud. vive (you live)
we	nosotros	-imos	nosotros vivimos (we live)
you (informal)	vosotros	-ís	vosotros vivís (you all/they live)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-en	uds. viven (you all/they live)

Past Tense		drop -IR ending and add:
I	yo	-í	vivir (to live) => yo viví (I lived)
you (informal)	tú	-iste	tú viviste (you lived)
you (formal)	usted	-ió	ud. vivió (you lived)
we	nosotros	-imos	nosotros vivimos (we lived)
you (informal)	vosotros	-isteis	vosotros vivisteis (you all/they lived)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-ieron	uds. vivieron (you all/they lived)

Future Tense		drop -IR ending and add:
I	yo	-iré	vivir (to live) => yo viviré (I will live)
you (informal)	tú	-irás	tú vivirás (you will live)
you (formal)	usted	-irá	ud. vivirá (you will live)
we	nosotros	-iremos	nosotros viviremos (we will live)
you (informal)	vosotros	-iréis	vosotros viviréis (you all/they will live)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-irán	uds. vivirán (you all/they will live)

PRESENT TENSE: regular verbs

1. ABRIR :		to open
Yo:	abro	Nosotros:	abrimos
Tú:	abres	Vosotros:	abrís
Ella:	abre	Ellos:	abren

2. APRENDER :		to learn
Yo:	aprendo	Nosotros:	aprendemos
Tú:	aprendes	Vosotros:	aprendéis
Ella:	aprende	Ellos:	aprenden

3. ASISTIR :		to attend
Yo:	asisto	Nosotros:	asistimos
Tú:	asistes	Vosotros:	asistís
Ella:	asiste	Ellos:	asisten

4. BAILAR :		to dance
Yo:	bailo	Nosotros:	bailamos
Tú:	bailas	Vosotros:	bailáis
Ella:	baila	Ellos:	bailan

5. BARRER :		to sweep
Yo:	barro	Nosotros:	barremos
Tú:	barres	Vosotros:	barréis
Ella:	barre	Ellos:	barren

6. BEBER :		to drink
Yo:	bebo	Nosotros:	bebemos
Tú:	bebes	Vosotros:	bebéis
Ella:	bebe	Ellos:	beben

7. BORRAR :		to erase
Yo:	borro	Nosotros:	borramos
Tú:	borras	Vosotros:	borráis
Ella:	borra	Ellos:	borran

8. CAMINAR :		to walk
Yo:	camino	Nosotros:	caminamos
Tú:	caminas	Vosotros:	camináis
Ella:	camina	Ellos:	caminan

9. CANTAR :		to sing
Yo:	canto	Nosotros:	cantamos
Tú:	cantas	Vosotros:	cantáis
Ella:	canta	Ellos:	cantan

10. COCINAR :		to cook
Yo:	cocino	Nosotros:	cocinamos
Tú:	cocinas	Vosotros:	cocináis
Ella:	cocina	Ellos:	cocinan

11. COMER :		to eat
Yo:	como	Nosotros:	comemos
Tú:	comes	Vosotros:	coméis
Ella:	come	Ellos:	comen

12. COMPRENDER :		to understand
Yo:	comprendo	Nosotros:	comprendemos
Tú:	comprendes	Vosotros:	comprendéis
Ella:	comprende	Ellos:	comprenden

13. CORRER :		to run
Yo:	corro	Nosotros:	corremos
Tú:	corres	Vosotros:	corréis
Ella:	corre	Ellos:	corren

14. DESAYUNAR :		to have breakfast
Yo:	desayuno	Nosotros:	desayunamos
Tú:	desayunas	Vosotros:	desayunáis
Ella:	desayuna	Ellos:	desayunan

15. DIBUJAR :		to draw
Yo:	dibujo	Nosotros:	dibujamos
Tú:	dibujas	Vosotros:	dibujáis
Ella:	dibuja	Ellos:	dibujan

16. ESCRIBIR :		to write
Yo:	escribo	Nosotros:	escribimos
Tú:	escribes	Vosotros:	escribís
Ella:	escribe	Ellos:	escriben

17. ESCUCHAR :		to listen
Yo:	escucho	Nosotros:	escuchamos
Tú:	escuchas	Vosotros:	escucháis
Ella:	escucha	Ellos:	escuchan

18. HABLAR :		to speak
Yo:	hablo	Nosotros:	hablamos
Tú:	hablas	Vosotros:	habláis
Ella:	habla	Ellos:	hablan

19. LAVAR :		to wash
Yo:	lavo	Nosotros:	lavamos
Tú:	lavas	Vosotros:	laváis
Ella:	lava	Ellos:	lavan

20. LEER :		to read
Yo:	leo	Nosotros:	leemos
Tú:	lees	Vosotros:	leéis
Ella:	lee	Ellos:	leen

21. LIMPIAR :		to clean
Yo:	limpio	Nosotros:	limpiamos
Tú:	limpias	Vosotros:	limpiáis
Ella:	limpia	Ellos:	limpian

22. LLEVAR :		to wear, to carry
Yo:	llevo	Nosotros:	llevamos
Tú:	llevas	Vosotros:	lleváis
Ella:	lleva	Ellos:	llevan

23. MIRAR :		to watch
Yo:	miro	Nosotros:	miramos
Tú:	miras	Vosotros:	miráis
Ella:	mira	Ellos:	miran

24. MONTAR :		to ride
Yo:	monto	Nosotros:	montamos
Tú:	montas	Vosotros:	montáis
Ella:	monta	Ellos:	montan

25. NADAR :		to swim
Yo:	nado	Nosotros:	nadamos
Tú:	nadas	Vosotros:	nadáis
Ella:	nada	Ellos:	nadan

26. PRESTAR :		to lend
Yo:	presto	Nosotros:	prestamos
Tú:	prestas	Vosotros:	prestáis
Ella:	presta	Ellos:	prestan

27. RECIBIR :		to receive
Yo:	recibo	Nosotros:	recibimos
Tú:	recibes	Vosotros:	recibís
Ella:	recibe	Ellos:	reciben

28. SUBIR :		to go up, to rise
Yo:	subo	Nosotros:	subimos
Tú:	subes	Vosotros:	subís
Ella:	sube	Ellos:	suben

29. VENDER :		to sell
Yo:	vendo	Nosotros:	vendemos
Tú:	vendes	Vosotros:	vendéis
Ella:	vende	Ellos:	venden

30. VIVIR :		to live
Yo:	vivo	Nosotros:	vivimos
Tú:	vives	Vosotros:	vivís
Ella:	vive	Ellos:	viven

IR Ending Verbs

All IR ending verbs (that are regular) will have conjugation done in this way for present, past and future conditions. Some regular IR ending verbs are listed below these charts.

Present Tense		drop -IR ending and add:
I	yo	-o	vivir (to live) => yo vivo (I live)
you (informal)	tú	-es	tú vives (you live)
you (formal)	usted	-e	ud. vive (you live)
we	nosotros	-imos	nosotros vivimos (we live)
you (informal)	vosotros	-ís	vosotros vivís (you all/they live)
you (formal)	ellos, ustedes	-en	uds. viven (you all/they live)

Common irregular verbs

Some verbs are so irregular that you will not be able to recognize when a conjugated form goes with the infinitive of the verb. The most irregular verbs in Spanish are also the most common, so you see the conjugated forms of these verbs often. Eventually, you will come to know the conjugated forms of these verbs so well that it may be difficult to remember the infinitive form. The verb ir means “to go .” Notice that the entire verb looks like the – ir infinitive ending, but it is conjugated nothing at all like a normal – ir verb. Also, notice that the conjugated forms of the verb ir in Table 1 look more like they come from some – ar verb with a v in it.

Once you get used to thinking that voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, and van all mean go or goes, it’s hard to remember that the infinitive that means “to go” is the verb ir. Another really irregular verb is ser, which means “to be .” Be aware that each word that follows a pronoun in Table 2 is the entire form of the verb.

As luck would have it, the most common form, es, sounds a lot like its English equivalent “is .” Not only is ser irregular in its conjugated forms, it also has to compete with the verb estar, which also means “to be.”

Irregular verbs in the yo form

Several common verbs in Spanish are completely regular verbs except for the yo form. These are usually called yo irregulars. To help you remember the irregular yo form as you work through this section, verbs with the same irregular yo form are grouped together.

–oy verbs

There are two extremely important verbs that are irregular only because the yo form of the verb ends in – oy: dar (to give) and estar (to be). As you can see in Tables 3 and 4, the rest of the forms of the verbs have regular endings.

Notice that the verb estar has accent marks on all forms except the first person yo and the first person plural nosotros/nosotras.

–go verbs

There are many verbs with a yo form that ends in – go even though there is not a single letter g in the infinitive. Most of these verbs are regular in all of the rest of their forms.The four simplest and most common – go verbs are:

The verbs hacer, poner, and valer are all regular – er verbs with an irregular yo form that ends in – go. Tables 5, 6, and 7 show how to conjugate each verb.

Salir is a – go verb like poner, hacer, and valer. However, because it is an – ir verb, it will have the regular endings for an – ir verb, which differ slightly from – er verbs in the nosotros/nosotras and vosotros/vosotrasforms, as shown in Table 8.

The next two verbs, caer (to fall) and traer (to bring), follow the regular – er verb patterns of a – go verb, except for the irregular yo form, which adds an i to the conjugated form, as shown in Tables 9 and 10.

Three common – go verbs also fall under another irregular category called stem‐changing verbs. The irregular – go ending of the yo form follows to keep the list of ‐ go verbs together.

Normally you can’t predict that a verb will be irregular in its yo form unless you already know the verb. There is one rule that is consistent, however. If the infinitive of the verb ends in a vowel followed by – cer or – cir, theyo form of the verb ends in – zco. Here are the infinitive forms of some of the most common –zco verbs:

These verbs are all conjugated exactly like conocer, which is the example used in Table 11. Use this table as model when you need to conjugate the other –zco verbs.

There are many verbs that end in – ducir. Because they all have the same ending, a vowel followed by – cir, they are conjugated the same way. All their forms are regular except the yo form, which ends in – zco.Four common – ducir verbs are presented in the following list. The verb producir is conjugated in Table 12. Use that table as a model to conjugate the other three, as well as any other – ducir verb.

ver and saber

Two other verbs have unique yo forms. Both ver (to see) and saber (to know [a fact]) are regular – er verbs in all forms except the yo form, but their yo forms are completely different, as shown in Tables 13 and 14.

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