Author name: Vaikundamoni

Swedish Articles

Swedish Articles

Learning the Swedish Articles displayed below is vital to the language. Swedish articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun. Examples are “the, a, and an”. Here are some examples:
English Articles Swedish Articles
articles artiklar
the den
a ett/en
one ett/en
some några
few
the book boken
the books böckerna
a book en bok
one book en bok
some books några böcker
few books få böcker
Notice the structure of the Articles in Swedish.

List of Articles in Swedish

Below is a list of vocabulary where you can use the Definite and Indefinite Articles in Swedish. Try to practice but also memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Swedish vocabulary
English Vocabulary Swedish Vocabulary
Food Mat
almonds mandlar
bread bröd
breakfast frukost
butter smör
candy godis
cheese ost
chicken kyckling
cumin kummin
dessert efterrätt
dinner middag
fish fisk
fruit frukt
ice cream glass
lamb lammkött
lemon citron
lunch lunch
meal måltid
meat kött
oven ugn
pepper peppar
plants växter
pork fläsk
salad sallad
salt salt
sandwich smörgås
sausage korv
soup soppa
sugar socker
supper kvällsmål
turkey kalkon
apple äpple
banana banan
oranges apelsiner
peaches persikor
peanut jordnöt
pears päron
pineapple ananas
grapes vindruvor
strawberries jordgubbar
vegetables grönsaker
carrot morot
corn majs
cucumber gurka
garlic vitlök
lettuce sallad
olives oliver
onions lökar
peppers paprika
potatoes potatis
pumpkin pumpa
beans bönor
tomatoes tomater
Definite and Indefinite Articles have a very important role in Swedish. Once you’re done with Swedish Articles, you might want to check the rest of our Swedish lessons here: Learn Swedish. Don’t forget to bookmark this page.]]>

Swedish Pronouns

Swedish Pronouns

Learning the Swedish Pronouns displayed below is vital to the language. Swedish pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about), indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verb’s subject). Here are some examples:

Swedish Subject and Object Pronouns

jag I mig (mej) me
du you (singular) dig (dej) you
han he honom him
hon she henne her
den it (with en words) den it
det it (with ett words) det it
man one en one
vi we oss us
ni you (plural) er you
de (dom) they dem (dom) them
Learn Swedish in Coimbatore Man can be translated as one, we, they or the people in general.  When referring to nouns as it, you use den for en nouns, and det for ett nouns. Formerly, du was the informal you and ni was the formal, but these distinctions are rarely used anymore. The forms in parentheses are the informal ways of spelling these words, which is closer to the actual pronunciation.ersonal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Swedish. Once you’re done with Swedish Pronouns, you might want to check the rest of our Swedish lessons here: Learn Swedish. Don’t forget to bookmark this page.

Swedish Pronouns

Learning the Swedish Pronouns displayed below is vital to the language. Swedish pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about), indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verb’s subject). Here are some examples:
English Pronouns Swedish Pronouns
Pronouns Pronomen
I jag
you du
he han
she hon
we vi
they de/dom
me mig
you du
him honom
her hennes
us oss
them dem/dom
my min
your din
his hans
her hennes
our vår
their deras
mine min
yours din
his hans
hers hennes
ours vår
theirs deras
Notice the structure of the Pronouns in Swedish.

List of Pronouns in Swedish

Below is a list of the Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Swedish placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Swedish vocabulary.
English Pronouns Swedish Pronouns
I speak jag talar
you speak du talar
he speaks han talar
she speaks hon talar
we speak vi talar
they speak de talar
give me ge mig
give you ge dig
give him ge honom
give her ge henne
give us ge oss
give them ge dem
my book min bok
your book din bok
his book hans bok
her book hennes bok
our book vår bok
their book deras bok
Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Swedish. Once you’re done with Swedish Pronouns, you might want to check the rest of our Swedish lessons here. Swedish Lessons]]>

Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences Part 2

Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences :Part 2 A clause is a group of words having Subject and Predicate.
  • If you study well, you will pass Subordinate Clause Main Clause
  • Though he is poor, he is generous. Subordinate Clause Main Clause
A Main Clause is a clause that stands alone and gives a complete meaning. A Subordinate Clause must have any one of the following Subordinating Conjuctions : Subordinating Conjuctions : before, after, till, untill, when, where, which, who, whom, why, what, that, since, as, because, if, unless, as if, as though, although, even though, as well as, as soon as, so that, on condition that, provided that etc. Co-ordinating Conjuctions : and, or, but, so, yet, either…or, neither…nor, ner, not only…but also, both…and, still, else. Subordinating Conjuctions : before, after, till, untill, when, where, which, who, whom, why, what, that, since, as, because, if, unless, as if, as though, although, even though, as well as, as soon as, so that, on condition that, provided that etc A phrase is a group of words which has some meaning. But it does not make complete sense by itself. It contains no finite verb. But it may contain an infinitive or a participle. There are three kinds of sentences : simple, complex and compound. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences
  • A Simple Sentence contains one finite verb (i.e. a verb showing tense, person and number as : he goes; she went). That is to say, a simple sentence has one main clause, e.g. Seeing the wolf, the boy ran away. I’ve met him before.
  • A Compound Sentence has two or more clauses. It may also have one or more subordinate clauses. e.g. The boy saw the wolf and ran away. I ran to the window and looked down into the street.
  • A Complex Sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. e.g. When the boy saw the wolf, he ran away. Before we went very far, we found that we had lost our way.

18 Rules :

SIMPLE COMPLEX COMPOUND
After After and afterward
Before Before and before that
About That and about it
Till, untill Till, untill And till then
On When And then
During the period (time) of While and during that period (time)
Incase of / In the event of If provided / provided that / should / were / supposing And such a case / And in such and event
In case of … not Unless Must / else / or / otherwise
The manner of / The way of / The method of How And I know the method
Soon after / Immedicately after / Instantaneously after As soon as / no sooner than And immediately / and afterwards / and at once
For fear of lest And for that fear
The place of where And its place
The reason of / The cause why And + cause
Inspite of / Despite / on account of / not withstanding to Though, Although / Eventhough / not withstanding that But / yet / still / how ever / all the same / never the less
owing to / on account of / due to / because of As, because since / for And so / And therefore
During the whole length of / time of As long as / so long as And / during the length of time
Ever since Ever since And since then
Besides As well as Not only then… but also

Examples :

SIMPLE COMPLEX COMPOUND
Being tired, he went to bed. As he was tired, he went to bed. He was tired. He went to bed.
Having finished his work, he returned home. After he had finished his work, he returned home. He had finished his work. He returned home.
I saw a girl wiht blue eyes. I saw a girl who had blue eyes. I saw a girl. She had blue eyes.
Model-1 : In spite of, despite, not withstanding.Simple Though, althoughComplex. Simple, Compound and Complex Sentences Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (Complex) In spite of or Despite the rain, they enjoyed themselves. (Simple)
  • Thomas was a richman yet he led a simple life. (Compound)
  • In spite of his being a richman. Thomas led a simple life. (Simple)
  • Though Thomas was a richman, he led a simple life. (Complex)
Model-2 : on account of, because of, in consequence of, owing to.Simple. As, Since, BecauseComplex.
  • It rained heavily. The school was closed. (Compound)
  • On account of heavy rain, the school was closed. (Simple)
  • As it rained heavily, the school was closed. (Complex)
Model-3 : In case of, in the event of.Simple. If, Unless. – Complex
  • He works hard and he will succeed. (Compound)
  • In the event of his hard work, he will succeed. (Simple)
  • If he works hard, he will succeed. (Complex)
Model-4 : too…to.Simple. So…that…not. – Complex Simple, Compound and Complex Sentenses The food was very hot. We could not eat it. (Compound) The food was so hot that we could not eat it. (Simple) The food was too hot to eat. (Complex)  
]]>

Swedish Pronouns – Subject and Object Pronouns in Swedish 

Swedish Subject and Object Pronouns

jag I mig (mej) me
du you (singular) dig (dej) you
han he honom him
hon she henne her
den it (with en words) den it
det it (with ett words) det it
man one en one
vi we oss us
ni you (plural) er you
de (dom) they dem (dom) them

Swedish Nouns and Cases

Nouns in Swedish have two genders, common and neuter, which adjectives must agree with when modifying nouns. These genders are signified by the indefinite articles: en and ett. In the vocabulary lists, a noun followed by (n) means that it is a neuter noun and it takes the indefinite article ett. The majority of nouns in Swedish are common gender, so they take the indefinite article en. The only case of nouns that is used in Swedish is the genitive (showing possession), and it is easily formed by adding an -s to the noun. This is comparable to adding -‘s in English to show possession. However, if the noun already ends in -s, then you add nothing (unlike English where we add -‘ or -‘s). Anders bok = Anders’s book

Swedish Articles and Demonstratives

There are two indefinite articles (corresponding to a and an) in Swedish: en and ett. En is used with most of the nouns (words denoting people almost always use en), but you will just have to learn which article goes with which noun. The definite article (the) is not a separate word like in most other languages. It is simply a form of the indefinite article attached to the end of the noun. Note that en words ending in a vowel retain that vowel and add an -n instead of adding -en. And ett words ending in -e just add a -t.

En words (common)
Ett words (neuter)
Indefinite
Definite
Indefinite
Definite
en banan a banana bananen the banana ett bord a table bordet the table
en stol a chair stolen the chair ett kök a kitchen köket the kitchen
en gata a street gatan the street ett äpple an apple äpplet the apple
This, that, these and those are expressed in Swedish by using den, det or de plus the word här (here) and där (there). The noun is always in the definite form after these demonstratives. And if any adjectives follow the demonstrative, they must add an -a to the ending.
with en words with ett words with plural words
this / these den här biljetten – this ticket det här tåget – this train de här biljetterna – these tickets
that / those den där biljetten – that ticket det där tåget – that train de där tågen – those trains

Swedish Verbs to Be & to Have

The presnt and past tenses of verbs in Swedish are very simple to conjugate. All the forms are the same for each personal pronoun. The infinitive of the verb to be in Swedish is vara, and the conjugated present tense form is är and the past tense is var. The infinitive of the verb to have is ha, and the conjugated present tense form is har and the past tense is hade.

att vara – to be
att ha – to have
I am jag är I was jag var I have jag har I had jag hade
you are du är you were du var you have du har you had du hade
he is han är he was han var he has han har he had han hade
she is hon är she was hon var she has hon har she had hon hade
it is den är it was den var it has den har it had den hade
it is det är it was det var it has det har it had det hade
one is man är one was man var one has man har one had man hade
we are vi är we were vi var we have vi har we had vi hade
you are ni är you were ni var you have ni har you had ni hade
they are de är they were de var they have de har they had de hade

To form the future tense of verbs, just add ska before the infinitive. Jag ska vara = I will be; hon ska ha = she will have; etc.

 ]]>

The Differences Between 'Sein' and 'Haben' in German

The Differences Between ‘Sein’ and ‘Haben’ in German

Learning German Grammar – TENSES The Perfect Tense

The Perfect tense is a very important tense in German grammar. We use it almost always, when speaking about the past. On this page, I shall explain to you how to construct the Perfect tense and when to use it. I shall show you the whole thing first using the example sentence „Ich lerne Deutsch“ (I learn German).

The rule for creating the Perfect tense is as follows:

German grammar perfect -tense
Auxiliary verb (conjugated) + Past Participle (at the end of the sentence) „Auxiliary verb“ („Hilfsverb“) here means that at position 2 in the main clause (where the conjugated verb is ALWAYS found) there is a verb that helps us to construct the perfect tense in German grammar. The auxiliary verb does not have any meaning by itself, it has only a grammatical function. Because of this, there are fundamentally only two possible verbs that one can use as the auxiliary verb for constructing the Perfect Tense, namely the verb „haben“ and the verb „sein“. Let me explain to you when to use „haben“ and when to use „sein“. The Differences Between 'Sein' and 'Haben' in German

Firstly, an example:

Present tense: I learn German/ I am learning German. When we want to put this easy sentence into the Perfect tense, the following happens:
learn German grammar - perfect tense haben

What happens?

The verb „lernen“ becomes the past participle and moves from position 2 to the END of the sentence. To Position 2 now comes the auxiliary verb „haben“ in conjugated form, so „Ich habE“, with an „e“. This structure always remains the same: auxiliary verb in Position 2, past participle at the end of the sentence, as with much longer sentences:
learn German grammar perfect tense haben
For you, it is important to note that the actual meaning of the sentence is not shown by the conjugated verb in Position 2 anymore but by the past participle at the end of the sentence. Only the auxiliary verb is ever found in Position 2; mostly we use the auxiliary verb „haben“, and with regular / weak verbs we only EVER use the auxiliary verb „haben“.

When do we use the auxiliary verb „sein“?

The answer to this question is, at first glance, quite simple:

Rule:

Verbs about Movement and Change of state use the verb „sein“. And how can we best remember this? Very simple! Be creative and write the verb „sein“ in such a way that you could associate with movement! I am sure, that there are many creative people out there who can do that pretty well. I myself have always thought of this picture here:
learn German grammar perfect tense sein

And what does this mean exactly?

Here are some examples of Verbs of Movement: to go „gehen“, to travel „fahren“, to run „rennen“, to fly „fliegen“ and so on. If we construct the Perfect tense with these verbs, thus we have to use the auxiliary verb „sein“ in conjugated form in Position 2 and, again, the corresponding Past Participle at the END of the sentence:
learn German grammar perfect tense sein

What are Verbs of Change of State?

Verbs of Change of State express when a subject’s state changes from ‚State A‘ to ‚State B‘! Here are a few examples (all sentences in the table are in the present tense):
learn German grammar perfect tense sein
The verbs „sterben“, „einschlafen“, „verwelken“ and obviously many more are thus so-called Verbs of Change of State and form the Perfect Tense with the auxiliary verb „sein“.

And here once more an overview in the form of a table

So far so good. German students now find it difficult to tell whether they are dealing with verbs of Movement or of Change of State. Furthermore, there are some verbs that you really can’t say whether they are Verbs of Movement or not, for example with the verb „spielen“. Most people associate that verb with movement, and in spite of this, when constructing the Perfect tense with this verb you use „haben“. In addition, there are often regional differences. In Austria, some verbs take a different Auxiliary Verb when constructing the Perfect Tense to Germany. So there is always lots for German Students to be confused by!

When do you use the Perfect Tense?

Firstly you must remember, that the Perfect tense conveys the meaning of the past in exactly the same way as the Imperfect tense (Präteritum). There is no difference! It does not matter; both of the following sentences mean exactly the same thing: 65 million years ago, the Dinosaurs died out… Vor 65 Millionen Jahren sind die Dino Saurier ausgestorben. (Perfekt) Vor 65 Millionen Jahren starben die Dino Saurier aus. (Präteritum) The statements made with both grammatical times/tenses mean exactly the same. The difference is only in the communicative context of the sentence. We have to distinguish between a formal, public, literary context and a more easy informal context. Generally the rule is that you use the Imperfect tense in a formal context, for example in literature written in a serious tone such as Newspapers, scientific work or in a serious public speech. If it is meant to be received in a more casual manner, we use the Perfect tense. When we email our friends, for example, or in normal everyday speech and so on. Now you also understand why the Perfect tense is so important in German grammar. If we are talking „ganz normal“ in everyday life and we speak about the past, we use the Perfect tense. So it is very important that you can use it properly.

Exceptions

For the verbs „sein“, „haben“ and the Modal verbs (wollen, müssen, können usw.), as a general rule, the Germans do not use the Perfect Tense. You can speculate about why this is – I guess it simply sounds a little awkward or old-fashioned. Because of this, more often we use the Imperfect tense (das Präteritum); with these verbs it is simply easier. Here are a few examples to clarify the difference:

sein

Silvester 2001 bin ich in Rom gewesen. (perfect tense) Silvester 2001 war ich in Rom. (past tense)

werden

Vor einigen Jahren bin ich Deutschlehrer geworden. (perfect tense) Vor einigen Jahren wurde ich Deutschlehrer. (past tense)

bleiben

Gestern bin ich noch ein bisschen länger auf der Party geblieben. (perfect tense) Gestern blieb ich noch ein bisschen länger auf der Party. (past tense)

haben

Noch vor einem Jahr hat Paul einen guten Job gehabt. (perfect tense) Noch vor einem Jahr hatte Paul einen guten Job. (past tense)

Modal verbs

Als Kind habe ich Pilot werden wollen. (perfect tense) Als Kind wollte ich Pilot werden. (past tense) AUXILIARY VERBS “Haben” OR “Sein”  IN THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Contrary to English, German sometimes uses a form of “to be” as an auxiliary verb to form the present perfect. In English, it is exclusively “to have” (examples: “I have loved”, “He has kissed”) The only exceptions would come from old nursery rhymes or can be found in the bible on rare occasions. (example “The lord is risen”) The majority of  verbs in the present perfect will form via the auxiliary “haben” as well.  (examples: “Ich habe geliebt”, “Er hat geküsst” ) However, there are many occasion when you will have to use “sein” instead. The auxiliary “sein” is used if the following two conditions are met and BOTH have to be met. 1.    If the verb conveys motion or a change of condition Examples: “Er ist gelaufen”.   (He has run), “Sie sind geschwommen”  (They have swum), “es ist eingefroren” (It has frozen) “Wir sind gestorben” (we have died).The verbs to “run” and “to swim” express motion, “frieren” and “sterben” are examples of verbs that convey a change of condition. 2.       If the verb is intransitive  (i.e. it cannot take a direct object) The above verbs are all intransitive. Other examples would include “kommen” or “sein”. “Ich bin gekommen” (I have come) and “Ich bin gewesen” (I have been) A counter example would be “essen”. (Ich habe gegessen.) The word “essen” cries out for a direct object. What have you eaten? The verb is therefore transitive. The Differences Between 'Sein' and 'Haben' in German Both conditions have to be met Examples: “Du hast geschlafen” (You have slept)  Schlafen is intransitive, but it conveys neither motion nor a change of condition. For this reason “haben” is the auxiliary.“ Ich habe …geöffnet” (I have opened…)The verb “to open” conveys a change of condition and/or motion but the verb is transitive. Hence, the auxiliary is “haben” If you are like most German language learners, you’ve probably come across the following dilemma when it comes to verbs in the perfect tense: “When do I use the verb haben (to have), when do I use sein (to be)? This is a tricky question. Even though the usual answer is that most verbs use the auxiliary verb haben in the perfect tense (however watch for common exceptions stated below), sometimes both are used — depending on what part of Germany you’re from.

For instance, northern Germans say Ich habe gesessen, whereas in southern Germany and Austria, they say Ich bin gesessen. The same goes for other common verbs, such as liegen and stehen. Furthermore, the German grammar “bible,” Der Duden, mentions that there is a growing tendency to increasingly use the auxiliary verb sein with action verbs.

However, rest assured. These are other uses of haben and sein to be aware of. In general, keep the following tips and guidelines in mind when deciding between these two auxiliary verbs and you’ll get it right.

HABEN PERFECT TENSE

In the perfect tense, use the verb haben:
  • With transitive verbs, that is verbs that use the accusative. For example: Sie haben das Auto gekauft? (You (formal) bought the car?)
  • Sometimes with intransitive verbs, that is verbs that don’t use the accusative. In these cases, it will be when the intransitive verb describes an action or event over a duration of time, as opposed to an action/event that occurs in one moment of time. For example, Mein Vater ist angekommen, or “My father has arrived.” Another example:  Die Blume hat geblüht. (The flower bloomed.)
  • With reflexive verbs. For example:  Er hat sich geduscht. (He took a shower.)
  • With reciprocal verbs. For example:  Die Verwandten haben sich gezankt. (The relatives argued with each other.)
  • When modal verbs are used. For example:  Das Kind hat die Tafel Schokolade kaufen wollen. (The child had wanted to buy the chocolate bar.) Please note: You see sentences expressed in this way more in written language.

SEIN PERFECT TENSE

In the perfect tense, you use the verb sein:
  • With the common verbs sein, bleiben, gehen, reisen and werden. For example: Ich bin schon in Deutschland gewesen. (I’ve already been in Germany.) Meine Mutter ist lange bei uns geblieben. (My mother stayed with us for a long time.) Ich bin heute gegangen. (I went today.) Du bist nach Italien gereist. (You traveled to Italy.) Er ist mehr schüchtern geworden. (He has become shier).
  • With action verbs that denote a change of place and not necessarily just movement. For example, compare Wir sind durch den Saal getanzt (we danced throughout the hall) with Wir haben die ganze Nacht im Saal getanzt (we danced the whole night in the hall).
  • With intransitive verbs that denote a change in condition or state. For example:  Die Blume ist erblüht. (The flower has begun to bloom.)
]]>

Communication English: Customer Service Keywords

Customer Service Keywords for Better Communication Customer Service Keywords for Better Communication Customer service keywords:

  • I definitely will make sure that it gets sorted…
  • I absolutely agree…
  • I can certainly help you…
  • I understand the inconvenience you have faced….
  • I will ensure that…
  • What I will do for you right away is…
  • I know how frustrating it can be – let’s see how I can help you….
  • I would suggest ….
  • All you need to do is to….
Customer service, it can be a difficult thing to navigate! There are so many problem areas within this topic. What if the person on the other end of the phone is difficult to understand? What if they just want to argue? What if the phone cuts off when you’re talking? The important thing here is that it is difficult both for employees and customers so we are going to include vocabulary for both parties here. Let’s take a look at what we’ve got for you: Employee
  1. I’d be glad to help you today.
  2. Hold, please.
  3. Thank you for your patience.
  4. As much as I’d love to help
  5. Rest assured.
  6. I completely understand.
  7. I’m sorry for the inconvenience.

Customer

  1. Can I speak to someone else please?
  2. I’m getting tired of this.
  3. I realise this is not your fault but…
  4. Please don’t put me on hold.
  5. This is a waste of time.
  6. I appreciate that, but…
  7. Thanks very much for your help!
Employee

I’d be glad to help you today.

Okay, so maybe this looks like a bit of a lie but, when you think about it, this should be your primary goal as a customer service representative! This means that it will make you happy if you can resolve the problem for the customer. This will put the customer at ease and just makes the atmosphere a bit more bearable. Hopefully they believe you and it means that they won’t be shouting and swearing at you. Let’s look at an example dialogue involving this phrase:
Representative: Hello Mr Smith, I’m Becky. How can I help you today? Customer: My computer is completely broken, I don’t know what’s happened to it and I really need it to work. I have lots of things to do. Representative: Okay, well I’d be glad to help you today and try to solve that problem! Customer: Great, I really hope you can help me!
If you just look at how that dialogue could have gone without the representative saying something nice to start the conversation, it wouldn’t have been productive to either party. It’s a useful phrase for sure.

Could you hold, please?

Ah, this classic phrase. This is the one that we all dread. Customers don’t want to hear it because they don’t want to be waiting and listening to rubbish music! Customers want answers and they want them now! I would imagine that representatives don’t want to have to say this phrase because of the impact it has on the customer, making them angry. But sometimes it’s necessary! Maybe the representative has to go and speak to someone else or attend to another task. It’s so important to remember that neither party knows what is happening on the other side of the phone. Although this is a question, it is often a statement in it’s nature saying I’m going to put you on hold now. Have a look:
Customer: I really would appreciate it if you could help me, I’ve been waiting for a long time. Representative: Okay, sir I appreciate your patience and I would really like to help you today. Could you hold, please? Customer: I suppose so, yes, but please I’ve been waiting a long time already!
In the past, particularly in America, representatives would say hold, please. and just put you on hold. Whilst that does still happen in places but it is considered rather direct and rude for our modern times. You may hear it if you watch a lot of old films, when the character calls the operator to ask for a connection to someone else, the operator will say hold, please. or please hold. Thank you for your patience. It’s important to thank the customer as well as for the customer to thank you! The customer has spent time and probably money on using the product that you are representing. They need to feel appreciated and wanted by the company or they may never use them again. A great way to retain customers is to treat them as if they are the most important person in the world. Imagine that they have a million things to do and that their time is really valuable to them. This might even be true! Thanking someone for their patience is great because it shows you understand what they are doing in order to try to solve this problem.
Customer: Look, I don’t have time for this, I just want you to solve my problem so I can go about my business! Representative: I understand ma’am, and thank you for your patience. I know your time is very valuable and I will do my best to solve the problem. Customer: Okay, thank you.
In all of life’s situations, showing empathy with somebody is important. If they think that you care about them and understand their issue, they are more likely to respond politely and calmly.

As much as I’d love to help…

Uh oh, The time has come where you can’t solve the problem. The customer will not be happy at this news and it will be up to you, the representative, to deal with whatever they say next. I bet if you measured it by the numbers, this would be the phrase that invited the most abuse! With this phrase, as soon as you say it you have to provide a reason as to why you cannot help the customer. It had better be a good one.
Customer: It’s not my fault that my kid spilled water on the computer, it should still work! Representative: Well, as much as I’d love to help there’s nothing more I can do. You will have to take it to one of our stores and they will take a look at it. Customer: You haven’t helped me at all. Thanks for nothing!
The main piece of advice I have for this one is to be prepared! That’s all you can do. Hey, you tried your best, right?

Rest assured

This is a phrase that can be used in all service positions. It is designed to make a promise to the customer that will make them feel more confident you are going to do what you say you will. Rest assured literally means that the customer can rest, without stressing or worrying, and be assured (confident). When you say this, make sure you can deliver on the promise you are making! Don’t make promises you can’t keep because the customer will know if you don’t deliver! Take a look below:
Customer: I just don’t believe that you can solve my problem. I have been on the phone for 2 hours and I still don’t have a solution. Representative: I appreciate your concern sir and please rest assured that I am doing my absolute best to try and solve your problem today. That is my commitment to you. Customer: I’ll believe it when I see solutions!
Just be careful with this one, it makes things just a little bit more serious.

I completely understand.

Again, showing empathy with the customer is vital. Whenever I am on the phone with a customer service representative, I can say that this is the phrase I hear more often than any other. This one shows empathy as well, or at least it’s supposed to do so. I have to say when a representative says this to me, I usually don’t believe them. How could they possibly understand without being in the same room and seeing how angry I am?! As a representative, if you can make this at least sound convincing then it will settle the customer down. Just make sure you’re ready for people like me that might not believe it!
Customer: This is a really serious problem for me and I just need it fixed please. Representative: I completely understand and I will do my utmost to solve the problem. Customer: You don’t understand! I just need this fixed! Representative: Sir, please bear with me, I was actually in a similar situation about two weeks ago and I know just how stressful and awful it can be.
Telling the story at the end of the dialogue might make the customer believe that the representative actually does understand the problem. The story might not be true but it will help get the customer on your side!

I apologise / I’m sorry for the inconvenience.

This is a very important one to remember, if all else fails, just apologise! A lot of customers phone up because they are angry and simply want to have an argument. Some people do not even expect a solution! But of course as a customer service representative, your hands are tied, you cannot respond angrily to an angry customer or you will most probably be fired and the customer will not be happy. Here’s an example:
Customer: Look, I missed my plane because it didn’t wait for me. Yes I was late but you people owe me my money back! Representative: I’m sorry sir, but our policy is quite clear here, if you are not at the gate half an hour before takeoff, then we cannot be held responsible. I apologise for the inconvenience. Customer: That’s not good enough. I am owed money and I’m not going to stop asking for it. Representative: As I say, I’m sorry for the inconvenience sir, but there is nothing we can do.
It’s your free pass out of a difficult situation! Use it wisely! Okay, so that’s the representative’s phrases, now let’s move onto the customer.

Customer

Can I speak to someone else please?

This is a phrase to use if you are not getting anywhere or perhaps if you have been connected to somebody that doesn’t know what they are doing. Sometimes if you get put through to a different person, you will get what you have been looking for. It’s worth a try! It’s quite a clear one to use but we will show a dialogue just to illustrate the point:
Customer: Look, you aren’t helping me at all, can I speak to someone else please? Representative: Sir, I can put you through to someone else if you want but I doubt it will be different. Customer: Yes, I would like you to put me through please.
This could be useful if you want to speak to a manager or someone more senior in the company. Get what you want from your phone call!

I’m getting tired of this.

Okay, so you are at the end of your tether, you want your problem solved but the representative will not help you at all. They say it’s your fault and your problem that you are in the situation that you are in! This is a good phrase to use if you want to put pressure on someone to help you. You’re getting tired of this and you want an answer soon or it will turn into a complaint.
Customer: Look, I just want answers and all you are doing is apologising. I’m getting tired of this. Representative: I’m sorry to hear that sir, rest assured that I’m doing all that I can.

I realise this is not your fault but…

Sometimes we have to remember that this is not anybody’s fault and you should not be arguing at each other. One really interesting thing about this phrase is that it can actually put the representative at ease and make them help you with inside information. Maybe they will give you a tip that they are not really supposed to, maybe they will give you advice to fix issues that you hadn’t heard of before.
Customer: Look, I realise this isn’t your fault, but I really want to know if there is anything I can do to fix my computer. I’m desperate for an answer. Representative: Well, I’ll let you in on a secret. We have to say that we can’t do anything about that because this type of damage is not included in our policy, but if you go to the shop and tell them that support have given you a code 3245. They will fix it for you. Customer: Thank you so much!
It’s simple! Be kind to people and they will be kind back!

Please don’t put me on hold.

To counter what we have already told those representatives in this article we have the request to not be put on hold. You could say that it is pointless to say this (the chances are you will be put on hold anyway) but it’s worth a try!
Customer: So, that’s my problem. Can you help me? Representative: I believe I can sir, could you hold please? Customer: Oh no, please don’t put me on hold. I’m sick of being on hold. Representative: I appreciate that sir, but it will only take a second.
Worth a try!

This is a waste of time.

A more aggressive tactic but it can really get you what you want if expressed in a dignified way. There’s no hidden meaning here, if you want to say that you don’t feel your time is being used well by someone who is supposed to be trying to help you, then use this one.
Customer: Please, can you put me through to someone who can help me? Representative: Sorry sir, but all of our representatives are busy right now. Customer: This is a waste of time.
Remember this can be slightly inflammatory so reserve it for special situations.

I appreciate that, but…

This is very diplomatic language. You are acknowledging that somebody is clearly trying to help you but you still think they are wrong. This a polite phrase to use during an argument to keep things civil with your opponent.
Representative: Sorry sir, but all of our representatives are busy right now. Customer: Well is there nothing you can do to solve my problem? Representative: I’m really sorry but I am doing my best sir. Customer: I appreciate that, but I am busy and I have other things to do rather than be on the phone complaining.

Thanks very much for your help!

The most important one! Thank people that help you otherwise the world may stop spinning. There is a phrase in English that says manners cost nothing. It’s true you know, and they go a long way. Always say thank you regardless of the service you have received, but in this case if you want to be extremely polite and make the other person happy about what they have done, use this phrase.
Representative: I think I have found a solution. Reset the device for 5 seconds and your problem should be solved. Customer: That’s fixed it! Thank you. Representative: You’re welcome! I’m glad to help. Is there anything else I can help with today? Customer: No, that’s everything. Thank you very much for your help! Representative: You’re welcome, have a good day! Customer: You too!
Remember that customer service people take a lot of abuse. You don’t get people phoning customer service so that they can talk about how happy they are with a product. The phone numbers exist so that people can complain about issues. It’s a hard job but someone’s got to do it! So, rest assured I have done all I can to explain these phrases to you today and I completely understand that it can be difficult to digest a lot of vocabulary. Thank you very much for taking the time to read this article and feel free to add all comments and questions below! Giving your opinion in English There are so many ways to express an opinion in English and it’s important that you use them. The way you choose to express an opinion can alter the way people think of you and look at you every day! This is especially true in British English, where we are obsessed with politeness and not being too assuming. So here we have a great list of phrases to give your opinion!
  • In my opinion/In my humble opinion
  • I reckon/suppose
  • I know
  • May I?
  • If you ask me
  • If I were you
  • To be honest
  • I could be wrong, but
  • I’m no expert, but
  • Personally
  • In my opinion/in my humble opinion
Probably the most basic way we have here of expressing your opinion. Using in my opinion is a great way of telling people what you think and also making sure they know that it is just your opinion. You could use this during a debate or if you are with a group of people deciding what they should do.
Alan: Hey Steph, what did you think of the new Terminator film? Steph: Well, in my opinion, it wasn’t as good as the older ones. I didn’t find the story line believable. Alan: Yeah true, it was strange.
To add something to this phrase you can add the word humble that changes the meaning just slightly. Saying in my humble opinion adds a bit of politeness to expressing your opinion. To be humble means that you act in a very reserved and careful manner so that you don’t offend people. Servants were always expected to be humble when they were working for kings and queens. It is slightly degrading and lowers your own worth, but today it is also used to be polite.
Alan: So you really didn’t like the movie then? That’s a shame. Steph: No, I just thought it was nowhere near the old films. But that’s just my humble opinion!
Use these with new English acquaintances to impress your friends with how polite you are!
  • I reckon/ I suppose
These are ways to express opinion with a slight sense of uncertainty as well. Using I reckon in a sentence is primarily reserved for British English and southern US English. It’s a very personal thing to say and because of that it implies that the opinion is not an expert one. It is simply that person’s view.
]]>

50 Popular English Idioms for Fluency

50 Popular English Idioms for Fluency

To understand English as it is spoken in real life, you have to be familiar with idioms. They are used so much in everyday English that it is important to be aware of them. You need to learn what they mean, and how to use them to become an ‘insider’. This blog post will show you some of the most popular English idioms currently in use. Remember, knowledge is power.

50 Popular English Idioms

1. CRUNCH TIME: the period of time just before a project has to be completed and everyone has to work hard
  • I’m not getting enough sleep these days. It’s crunch time at work.
2. LET YOUR FREAK FLAG FLY: to let others see your uniqueness
  • My colleagues were surprised at the Christmas party- I let my freak flag fly and showed them a break dance routine.
3. GET OUT OF HAND: when you lose control of things, they get out of hand
  • The party got out of hand and the guests started to throw bottles at each other.
4. GET YOUR HEAD AROUND IT: to understand something
  • I just can’t get my head around the fact that Joe is leaving us.
5. DIG IN YOUR HEELS / STICK TO YOUR GUNS: to refuse to compromise or change your mind
  • My parents wanted me to give up writing, but I dug in my heels and went on to become a famous writer.
  • My parents wanted me to give up writing, but I stuck to my guns and went on to become a famous writer.
6. POUND THE PAVEMENT: to walk the streets looking for a job
  • I’d been pounding the pavement for months before I found a job in a fast food restaurant.
  7. PULL A RABBIT OUT OF A HAT: to do something unexpected that may have seemed impossible
  • I thought we were going bankrupt, but my partner pulled a rabbit out of his hat and we landed a major contract.
8. LEAVE NO STONE UNTURNED: to do everything you can to achieve your goal
  • I’ll leave no stone unturned until I find out who did this.
9. GET IT OUT OF YOUR SYSTEM: to do something you’ve wanted to do for a long time and don’t want to postpone any longer
  • I wasn’t sure how she was going to react, but I had to get it out of my system, so I told her I had found another woman.
10. STEP UP YOUR GAME: to start performing better
  • If you want to win this competition, you’ll have to step up your game.
11. PULL YOURSELF TOGETHER: to calm down and behave normally
  • I understand you’ve had a bad day, but pull yourself together and get on with your job, will you?
12. SHAPE UP OR SHIP OUT: either start performing better or leave
  • This is the last time I’m telling you to arrive on time. Shape up or ship out.
13. CUT SOMEBODY SOME SLACK: to give somebody a break/ not to judge somebody severely
  • I was extremely busy last week. Cut me some slack and I’ll finish the report by tomorrow morning.
  14. BY THE SKIN OF YOUR TEETH: when you do something by the skin of your teeth, you only just succeed/ nearly fail
  • I hadn’t studied much, but passed the test by the skin of my teeth.
15. ONCE IN A BLUE MOON: when something rarely ever happens
  • We used to see him all the time, but now he just visits us once in a blue moon.
16. GO DOWN IN FLAMES: to end or fail suddenly and spectacularly
  • She’d wanted to become Managing Director, but her career went down in flames when they found out she’d been leaking information to our competitors.
17. TAR SOMEONE WITH THE SAME BRUSH: to believe that someone has the same bad qualities as others in a group
  • I don’t think much of that band, but the singer shouldn’t be tarred with the same brush. She’s got a fantastic voice.
18. COME OUT SWINGING: to be confrontational and strongly defend yourself at the beginning of a debate
  • Our local MP came out swinging against the current leadership and demanded that the government resign.
50 Popular English Idioms for Fluency 19. HANG IN THERE: wait and be patient
  • I know you’d really like to call him, but I don’t think that’s the right thing to do now. Just hang in there and he will call you.
20. SHOOT FROM THE HIP: to speak directly
  • If you want to get on well with your boss, try not to shoot from the hip next time. You don’t want to offend him, do you?
21. GO THE EXTRA MILE: to make a special effort/try very hard to achieve your goal
  • If you want to become proficient in English, you’ll have to go the extra mile and start learning idioms.
  • My English class was great, we learnt so much because our teacher was the best, she always went the extra mile for us.
22. RUNNING ON FUMES: to continue to stay awake when feeling exhausted
  • I’m sorry, but I’ve got to go home now. I haven’t slept for twenty hours and I’m running on fumes.
23. SOLD ME OUT: to snitch on someone, or let their secret out
  • I asked you to keep it to yourself! I can’t believe you sold me out, I trusted you!
24. YOU SOLD ME (ON SOMETHING): you convinced me of something, because you were persuasive
  • OK, you’ve sold me. I’ll go to the match with you.
25. BLEW ME AWAY: when something blows you away, you’re extremely impressed by it
  • The exhibition just blew me away. I’d never seen so many beautiful paintings before.
26. BLOW SMOKE: to exaggerate or say things that aren’t true to make you seem better/ more knowledgeable than in reality
  • I’m not blowing smoke. I have honestly read War and Peace by Tolstoy.
  27. CRY WOLF: to call for help when you don’t need it
  • Do you think Peter is in trouble or is he just crying wolf?
28. COULDN’T CARE LESS: used to express total lack of interest in something
  • That man stole a bottle of wine from the shop.
  • Oh, really? I couldn’t care less.
29. BE CHUFFED TO BITS: to be pleased and happy
  • Hey, thanks for the present! I’m chuffed to bits.30. FEELING UNDER THE WEATHER: to be ill or unable to do regular activities
  • I think I’m going to have to take the day off work. I feel quite under the weather today.
31. BE TICKLED PINK: to be excited and happy
  • She was tickled pink by all the compliments she’d received.
50 Popular English Idioms for Fluency   32. A BAKER’S DOZEN: thirteen
  • Check out our baker’s dozen language learning tips.
33. COMFORT FOOD: food that makes you feel better, because it reminds you of your childhood
  • After a tiring day, it’s so nice to make some comfort food and settle down with a good book.
34. SKELETON CREW: the minimum number of people needed to keep a service/office operating
  • Can you come back after the holidays? We’re operating with a skeleton crew at the moment.
  35. LET THE CHIPS FALL WHERE THEY MAY: to let something happen, no matter what happens next
  • I must tell John how I feel about him, let the chips fall where they may.
36. NO-BRAINER: an easy decision
  • Do you think I should propose to Judy?
  • Come on, it’s a no-brainer. She’s such a fantastic woman!
37. A STONE’S THROW: very near
  • The hotel  was a stone’s throw from the beach. I loved it.
38. HEAR ON THE GRAPEVINE: to hear a rumour or unconfirmed story
  • I heard on the grapevine that Charlie and Sarah are dating at the moment.
39. SIT ON THE FENCE: to stay neutral and not take sides
  • Well don’t you think I’m right, he’s been acting differently hasn’t he?
  • I’m sitting on the fence with this one, you’re both my good friends.0. TAKE WHAT SOMEONE SAYS WITH A PINCH OF SALT: regard something as exaggerated, or only believe a part of something
  • Did you hear what Tina said happened in the office yesterday?
  • Oh, I would take anything she says with a pinch of salt.
41. FREAK OUT: to become very angry, scared or excited
  • Mum, don’t freak out! I married a guy in Las Vegas.
2. BE A CATCH: be someone worth marrying/having
  • John is taking me out tonight. He’s such a catch, I hope he’ll propose.
43. PIECE OF CAKE: when something is extremely easy to do
  • Do you think you could beat him in a race?
  • Yeah, piece of cake. I’m definitely a lot faster than him.
44. HIT THE NAIL ON THE HEAD: used if something someone says, is precisely correct
  • My doctor hit the nail on the head. He knew exactly what was wrong with me!
45. COSTS AN ARM AND A LEG: when something is very expensive
  • My son wants that mountain bike for his birthday, but it’ll cost an arm and a leg!
50 Popular English Idioms for Fluency 46. HIT THE BOOKS: to study very hard
  • Do you want to go for lunch somewhere nice?
  • No thanks, I’m going to hit the books. I have an exam coming up soon.
47. BITE OFF MORE THAN YOU CAN CHEW: to take on something that is too much for you to handle
  • He recently got promoted and took on some new responsibilities, but he’s just too busy. He bit off more than he could chew, and I don’t think he can handle it anymore.  48. WHEN PIGS FLY: this means that something will never happen
  • Aren’t you going to buy that dream house you told me about?
  • Ugh, I will when pigs fly. It’s just so expensive, I don’t think it’ll happen.
49. DON’T JUDGE A BOOK BY ITS COVER: this means don’t make a decision based on a brief impression or outward appearance
  • I don’t like our new neighbours very much, they’re quite strange.
  • Hey, you shouldn’t judge a book by its cover. Give them a chance, I think they’re just a bit quirky but really nice!
50. YOU ROCK: you are great
  • Thanks for the tickets, Rob. You rock!
51. MISS THE BOAT: when someone has missed their opportunity to do something
  • Have you applied for that job yet?
  • No, I think I may have missed the boat. I should’ve done it last week.
]]>

IELTS Speaking Test Vocabulary

IELTS Speaking Test Vocabulary and Conversation Fillers

Vocabulary for IELTS Speaking Test I for Imaginative E for Excellent L for Laid-back T for Tuned-in S for Smart. Look at each word above and see how many SYNONYMS (words with the same meaning) can you think of? Not many? It’s time to learn some new words and to revise the old ones. By the way, ’revise’ has a synonym I love: BRUSH UP. When I hear this word, I always visualize a large brush scrubbing my brain cells. OK, let me give you a few examples:
  • imaginative, creative, inventive, original
  • excellent, great, outstanding, first-rate
  • laid-back, relaxed, lax, easy-going
  • tuned-in, learned, informed, knowledgeable
  • smart, bright, intelligent, sharp
Why are we talking about synonyms? Because they are extremely important for you to express yourself fluently. When your MIND GOES BLANK (you suddenly forget something you knew) and you can’t remember a word, it is HANDY (useful) to know a list of other words that you can choose from. Also, you can use synonyms to avoid repetition. A nice job, a nice lunch, a nice car, a nice woman etc.- it just sounds unimaginative and perhaps even uneducated if you speak like this. To get a higher score in the exam, you’ll have to learn to PARAPHRASE (to express the same idea with different words). Another way to maximize your learning is to make your own selection of the words YOU would like to memorize. Have you ever learnt a long list of words for a school test, only to forget all of them once the test was over? That was because you had no choice in which words you wanted to learn. Real learning only happens when you yourself are the motivation behind it. So, choose the words you would like to use in the future and focus on them. No need to waste time and energy with long, meaningless lists- make the list shorter if needed, but more interesting to you. It’s also a good idea to group the words and expressions you want to learn into topics. It will help you create a CONTEXT (a setting) where vocabulary becomes more meaningful and memorable to you. And this is what we are going to do now. Below you can find groups of words that will COME IN HANDY (prove to be useful) when preparing for the IELTS exam and IELTS Speaking Test. If you can, try to memorize whole sentences- they will just pop into your mind when you need them. The words you’ll find are not the typical, boring ones you would usually see in a similar compilation. I have chosen them to give you the chance to SPICE UP (make more interesting) your active vocabulary and impress the examiners. CONVERSATION FILLERS Use filters to give yourself time to think before you speak. This will make you sound much more fluent. Er… let me think…
  • What do you think are the most common causes of road accidents?
  • Er… let me think… I would say there are two main causes…
Hmm… that’s a good question…
  • Is listening to the radio more beneficial for children than watching TV?
  • Hmm… that’s a good question. I guess it is, because…
Actually… I’ve never really thought about it…
  • Why do teenagers love texting their friends?
  • Actually… I’ve never really thought about it… It might be, because they…
Umm… (repeat the question)
  • Where do you see yourself in ten years’ time?
  • Umm… Where do I see myself in ten years’ time?… Maybe, I will…
Well, you know …
  • Would you give up your car and cycle to work?
  • Well, you know… I work quite far from home…
It’s also important to ask for CLARIFICATION when you don’t understand what the examiner has said.
  • Excuse me, can you repeat the question, please? / I beg your pardon?
  • Sorry, what do you mean by…?
  • Could you say that again, please?
  • I’m afraid I don’t understand what you mean by….
  • I’m not sure I can follow you. Could you be more specific, please?
  • Sorry, I didn’t get your point. Could you put it differently, please?
And to GIVE CLARIFICATION when asked.
  • What I mean is… (paraphrase what you’ve said)
  • I just want to say that… (paraphrase what you’ve said)
  • Sorry, let me explain.
  • Sorry, let me put it differently.
]]>

German Particles and Uses

German Particles and Uses

What are particles?

›Particles are unchangeable words that aren‘t considered prepositions, adverbs, or conjunctions.

Characteristics of particles

›They can‘t be the answer to a question. ›They make the language more „lively“, can make an entire sentence negative or positive, and show feeling. ›They are especially often used in spoken language. ›You can always leave them out.

Types of particles?

  • Intensifying Particles
  • ›Focus Particles
  • ›Negating Particles
  • ›Modal Particles
  • ›Speech Particles
  • ›Interjections
  • ›Onomatopoeia

Intensifying Particles

They always come before an adjective or adverb and either strengthen or weaken its meaning. ›Depending on the particle, the strengthening or weakening can be small or large. The most important ones: wenig, nicht so, gar nicht, überhaupt nicht, etwas, einigermaßen, fast, ziemlich, so, sehr, ausgesprochen, besonders, ungemein, überaus, äußerst, zutiefst, höchst, zu Examples – Intensifying Particles:
  • „Der Fernseher ist etwas teuer.“
  • „Der Fernseher ist wirklich günstig.“
  • „Der Fernseher ist recht günstig.“
  • „Der Fernseher ist sehr teuer.“
  • „Der Fernseher ist zu teuer.“
  • „Der Fernseher ist ziemlich teuer.“
  • „Der Fernseher ist gar nicht so teuer.“

Modal Particles

›Modal particles are also known as „shading particles“ because they show different shades of meanings of other words. ›They are mainly used in spoken language and show the feelings, attitude, and mood of the speaker. Examples:
  • „Das musste ja passieren.“
  • „Was kommt heute eigentlich im Fernsehen?“
  • „Was hast du denn gemacht?“
  • „Vielleicht holen wir doch lieber einen Elektriker?“
  • „Komm mal hier her!“
Modal particles are extremely hard to understand and even harder to use for someone who isn´t a native German speaker. In Lecture Modal Particles I try to explain it a bit further.

Focus Particles

›Focus particles emphasize or highlight something important. ›Focus particles are related to a specific part of the sentence and normally come before the part that is to be highlighted. The most important ones: wenig, etwas, einigermaßen, fast, ziemlich, so, sehr, ausgesprochen, besonders, ungemein, überaus, äußerst, zutiefst, höchst, zu Focus Particles – Examples:
  • „Die Show war toll.  Mir haben besonders die Lichteffekte gefallen.“
  • „Mir gefällt die Wohnung nicht. Vor allem das Bad ist zu klein.“
  • „Was du hast kein Facebook? Sogar meine 80-jährige Oma ist bei Facebook!“

Negating Particles

›The negation word „nicht“ is a particle.
  • „Ich fahre heute nicht zu Oma.“

Speech Particles

Speech particles include calls, answers, and greetings. Examples: ja, nein, hm, gern, okay, gut, genau, richtig, …

Interjections

Interjections are expressions that show a state of mind. Examples: oh, he!, schade!, pfui!, hurra!, igitt!, juhu!, au!, aua!, autsch! uh!, ah!, ach!, huch!, oho!, hoppla!, oje!, hm!, hihi!, ätsch!, hui!, puh!, uff!, pff!, phh! hü!, hott!, …

]]>

Learn English through Tamil 02

ஆங்கில பாடப் பயிற்சி – 2 (Grammar Patterns 2)

முழுமையான தமிழ் விளக்கத்துடன் ஆங்கில இலக்கண பாடப் பயிற்சி. இன்றையப் பாடம் நாம் முதல் பாடத்தில் கற்ற “ஆங்கில பாடப் பயிற்சி-1” – றைப் போன்றே இருந்தாலும், இதில் சில இலக்கங்களின் போது சில மாற்றங்கள் உள்ளன.I உடன் am இணைந்து வந்திருந்தது.He, She, It போன்ற “Third Person Singular” உடன் “is ” இப்பாடத்தில் இணைந்து வருகின்றது. அதனைத் தொடர்ந்து 1, 7, 8, 13, 16, 18, 27, 37, 38, 39, 56, 60, 61, 64, 71 போன்ற இலக்கங்களின் போதும் சில இலக்கண மாற்றங்கள் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளன. இவற்றை அவதானித்து பயிற்சிச் செய்யுங்கள்.
இன்று நாம் “speak in English” எனும் ஒரு வார்த்தையை உதாரணமாக எடுத்துக்கொள்வோம். முதல் பாடத்தில் “நான்” (I) என்பதற்கு பதிலாக, இப்பாடத்தில் “அவன்” (He) இட்டுக்கொள்வோம். இவ்வார்த்தையின் முறையே “He speaks in English – அவன் பேசுகின்றான் ஆங்கிலத்தில், He spoke in English – அவன் பேசினான் ஆங்கிலத்தில், He wiil speak in English – அவன் பேசுவான் ஆங்கிலத்தில்” என ஒரே வாக்கியத்தை 73 மூன்று வாக்கியங்களாக மாற்றி பயிற்சி செய்யப் போகின்றோம். speak in English 1. He speaks in English. அவன் பேசுகின்றான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 2. He is speaking in English. அவன் பேசிக்கொண்டிருக்கின்றான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 3. He spoke in English. அவன் பேசினான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 4. He didn’t speak in English. அவன் பேசவில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 5. He will speak in English. அவன் பேசுவான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 6. He won’t speak in English. அவன் பேசமாட்டான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 7. Usually he doesn’t speak in English. சாதாரணமாக அவன் பேசுகின்றானில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 8. He is not speaking in English. அவன் பேசிக்கொண்டிருக்கின்றானில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 9. He was speaking in English. அவன் பேசிக்கொண்டிருந்தான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 10. He wasn’t speaking in English. அவன் பேசிக்கொண்டிருக்கவில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 11. He will be speaking in English. அவன் பேசிக்கொண்டிருப்பான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 12. He won’t be speaking in English. அவன் பேசிக் கொண்டிருக்கமாட்டான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 13. He is going to speak in English. அவன் பேசப்போகின்றான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 14. He was going to speak in English. அவன் பேசப்போனான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 15. He can speak in English. 16. He is able to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடியும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 17. He can’t speak in English. 18. He is unable to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடியாது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 19. He could speak in English. 20. He was able to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடிந்தது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 21. He couldn’t speak in English. 22. He was unable to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடியவில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 23. He will be able to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடியுமாக இருக்கும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 24. He will be unable to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடியாமலிருக்கும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 25. He may be able to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடியுமாக இருக்கலாம் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 26. He should be able to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச முடியுமாகவே இருக்கும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 27. He has been able to speak in English. சற்று முன்பிருந்து /கிட்டடியிலிருந்து அவனுக்கு பேச முடியுமாக இருக்கின்றது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 28. He had been able to speak in English. அன்றிலிருந்து /அக்காலத்திலிருந்து அவனுக்கு பேச முடியுமாக இருந்தது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 29. He may speak in English. 30. He might speak in English.
31. He may be speaking in English. அவன் பேசலாம் ஆங்கிலத்தில்.32. He must speak in English.
அவன் பேச வேண்டும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். (கட்டாயம்/அழுத்தம்) 33. He must not speak in English. அவன் பேச வேண்டியதில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில் (அழுத்தம்) அவன் பேசக் கூடாது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 34. He should speak in English. அவன் பேசவே வேண்டும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். (மிக அழுத்தம்) 35. He shouldn’t speak in English. அவன் பேசவே வேண்டியதில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். (மிக அழுத்தம்) அவன் பேசவே கூடாது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 36. He ought to speak in English. அவன் எப்படியும் பேசவே வேண்டும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். (மிக மிக அழுத்தம்) 37. He doesn’t mind speaking in English. அவனுக்கு ஆட்சேபனை இல்லை பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். 38. He has to speak in English. அவன்/அவனுக்கு பேச வேண்டும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 39. He doesn’t have to speak in English. அவன்/அவனுக்கு பேச வேண்டியதில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 40. He had to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச வேண்டி ஏற்பட்டது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 41. He didn’t have to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச வேண்டி ஏற்படவில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 42. He will have to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச வேண்டி ஏற்படும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 43. He won’t have to speak in English. அவனுக்கு பேச வேண்டி ஏற்படாது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 44. He needs to speak in English. அவனுக்கு அவசியம் பேச வேண்டும் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 45. He needn’t to speak in English. 45. He doesn’t need to speak in English. அவனுக்கு அவசியமில்லை பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். 46. He seems to be speaking in English. அவன் பேசுகின்றான் போல் தெரிகின்றது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 47. He doesn’t seem to be speaking in English. அவன் பேசுகின்றான் போல் தெரிகின்றதில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 48. He seemed to be speaking in English. அவன் பேசுகின்றான் போல் தெரிந்தது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 49. He didn’t seem to be speaking in English. அவன் பேசுகின்றான் போல் தெரியவில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 50. Speaking in English is useful. பேசுவது(தல்) ஆங்கிலத்தில் பிரயோசனமானது. 51. Useless speaking in English. பிரயோசனமில்லை பேசுவது(தல்) ஆங்கிலத்தில். 52. It is better to speak in English. மிக நல்லது பேசுவது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 53. He had better speak in English. அவனுக்கு மிக நல்லது பேசுவது ஆங்கிலத்தில். 54. He made her speak in English. அவன் அவளை வைத்து பேசுவித்தான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 55. He didn’t make her speak in English. அவன் அவளை வைத்து பேசுவிக்கவில்லை ஆங்கிலத்தில். 56. To speak in English.He is practicing. பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில் அவன் பயிற்சி செய்துக்கொண்டிருக்கின்றான். 57. He used to speak in English. அவன் பழக்கப்பட்டிருந்தான் பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். 58. Shall I speak in English? நான் பேசவா ஆங்கிலத்தில்? 59. Let’s speak in English. பேசுவோம் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 60. He feels like speaking in English. அவனுக்கு நினைக்கின்றது பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். 61. He doesn’t feel like speaking in English. அவனுக்கு நினைக்கின்றதில்லை பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். 62. He felt like speaking in English. அவனுக்கு நினைத்தது பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். 63. He didn’t feel like speaking in English. அவனுக்கு நினைக்கவில்லை பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். 64. He has been speaking in English. சில காலமாக/கிட்டடியிலிருந்து அவன் பேசிக்கொண்டிருக்கின்றான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 65. He had been speaking in English. அன்றிலிருந்து/அக்காலத்திலிருந்து அவன் பேசிக்கொண்டிருந்தான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 66. I see him speak in English. எனக்கு தெரிகின்றது அவன் பேசுகிறான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 67. I don’t see him speak in English. எனக்கு தெரிகின்றதில்லை அவன் பேசுகிறான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 68. I saw him speak in English. எனக்கு தெரிந்தது அவன் பேசுகிறான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 69. I didn’t see him speak in English. எனக்கு தெரியவில்லை அவன் பேசுகிறான் ஆங்கிலத்தில். 70. If he speaks in English, he will get a good job. அவன் பேசினால் ஆங்கிலத்தில் அவனுக்கு கிடைக்கும் ஒரு நல்ல வேலை. 71. If he doesn’t speak in English, he won’t get a good job. அவன் பேசாவிட்டால் ஆங்கிலத்தில் அவனுக்கு கிடைக்காது ஒரு நல்ல வேலை. 72. If he had spoken in English, he would have got a good job. அவன் பேசியிருந்தால் ஆங்கிலத்தில், அவனுக்கு கிடைத்திருக்கும் ஒரு நல்ல வேலை. (பேசவும் இல்லை கிடைக்கவும் இல்லை) 73. It is time he spoke in English. இது தான் நேரம் அவன் பேசுவதற்கு ஆங்கிலத்தில். கவனத்திற்கு:
1. உதாரணமாக மேலே இன்று நாம் கற்றப் பாடத்தில் முதலாவது வாக்கியத்தைக் கவனியுங்கள். அதில் “He speaks in English” “என்றுள்ளது. அதில் “speak” எனும் சொல்லுடன் “s” எழுத்தும் இணைந்து வந்துள்ளதை அவதானித்திருப்பீர்கள். அதாவது “Third Person Singular” சாதாரண நிகழ் காலத்தில் He, She, It உடன் வரும் பிரதான வினைச்சொற்களோடு s, es எனும் எழுத்துக்களும் இணைந்தே வரும் என்பதை மறவாதீர்கள். Third Person Singular “He, She, It: Infinitive + e, es” அட்டவணை பார்க்கவும். 2. மற்றது “speak in English” எனும் வார்த்தை சில இலக்கங்களின் போது “speaking in English” என்று வந்துள்ளதை அவதானிக்கவும். Verb with + ing: 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69. இவ்விலக்கங்களின் போது எப்பொழுதும் பிரதான வினைச்சொல்லுடன் “ing” யும் இணைந்தே பயன்படும் என்பதை மனதில் வைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். உதாரணம்: speak in English speaking in English. என்று “ing” யும் இணைந்து வரும். Homework:
He drives a car. அவன் ஓட்டுகின்றான் மகிழூந்து. She goes to school. அவள் போகின்றாள் பாடசாலைக்கு. Sarmilan gets up early morning. சர்மிலன் எழுத்திருக்கின்றான் அதிகாலையில். Nithya comes to the office. நித்யா வருகின்றாள் அலுவலகத்திற்கு. He apologizes with her. அவன் மன்னிப்பு கோருகின்றான் அவளிடம்.
My mother opens a current account. எனது தாயார் திறக்கின்றார் ஒரு நடைமுறைக் கணக்கு.இவற்றை மேலே நாம் கற்றதைப் போன்று ஒவ்வொரு வாக்கியங்களையும் 73 வாக்கியங்களாக மாற்றி எழுதி பயிற்சி செய்யுங்கள்.இப்பாடத் திட்டம் பாடசாலை ஆங்கிலப் பாடத்திட்டம் போன்றோ, ஆங்கில பேச்சுப் பயிற்சி புத்தகங்களில் (Spoken English) போன்றோ அல்லாமல் மிக மிக இலகுவான ஒரு பாடப் பயிற்சி முறையாகும். மற்றும் மேலே குறிக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும் ஒவ்வொரு இலக்கங்களும், ஒவ்வொரு பாடங்களாக எதிர்வரும் பாடங்களில் விரிவடையும். அப்போது அதனதன் பயன்பாடுப் பற்றியும், இலக்கண விதிமுறைகள் பற்றியும் மேலும் விரிவாக கற்கலாம். சரி பயிற்சிகளை தொடருங்கள். மீண்டும் அடுத்த பாடத்தில் சந்திப்போம்.
]]>

Scroll to Top