Norwegian Classroom: Verbs, Modal Verbs, Be Verb and Have Verb

Norwegian Verbs

In this one we’ll focus on verbs. So, the first thing we’re gonna do is having a look at the verbs we have learnt so far:

to be	å være	er
to speak / talk	å snakke	snakker
to be called	å hete	heter
to learn	å lære	lærer
to live	å bo	bor
to have	å ha	har
to see	å se	ser
to walk / to go	å gå	går
to say	å si	sier
to do	å gjøre	gjør

And here you have some new ones:

to eat	å spise	spiser
to drink	å drikke	drikker
to play	å spille	spiller
to like	å like	liker
to love	å elske	elsker

Read this!

You know what that verb tense in the header is called? Imperative. It’s the tense you use when you tell someone to do something. In English, it’s a bit hard to spot, because there’s no obvious difference between the present tense and imperative. Look at this, and you’ll understand:

Present	Imperative
I eat fish.	Eat fish!
You come here every day.	Come here every day!
I don’t speak Norwegian.	Don’t speak Norwegian!
I’m sure you’re going to learn this.	Learn this!

So in English, the present tense and the imperative look the same. In Norwegian they don’t. As you should have noticed, all Norwegian verbs in infinitive end with a vowel (turn back one page if you haven’t noticed). This vowel is always -e, as long as the word consists of more than one syllable. One-syllabled words can end with any vowel. The rule to form the imperative in Norwegian is:

If the verb consists of more than one syllable, remove the last -e.
If the verb consists of only one syllable, do nothing.

Easy! That means that the imperative form of the verb å se (“to see”) is… Se! And the imperative of the verb å lære is… Lær! To make it negative, put ikke in front of the verb: Don’t speak English! = Ikke snakk engelsk! Don’t see! = Ikke se!

Combining verbs

Fun fact: verbs can be combined. Not only in Norwegian of course. Check out these English phrases: I like to eat fish. I love to play football. The verbs are underlined. We have already seen these two verbs in Norwegian: å like, å elske. And in Norwegian it works in exactly the same way! I like to eat fish. = Jeg liker å spise fisk. I love to play football. = Jeg elsker å spille fotball. So the formula is that the first verb goes in present tense (if we are talking about the present), and then the second verb goes in its infinitive form, with the infinitive marker (å), exactly as it does in English.

Modal verbs

“Modal verbs” sounds hard, but it’s not. The modal verbs are used as the first of two combined verbs, and they work exactly like “like” and “love” in the previous examples, with one exception: you don’t use the infinitive marker.We can have a look at some examples from English: We must win this game! This will be the best vacation ever! As you see, we have combinations of two verbs, without “to” between them. Now we’ll give you some Norwegian modal verbs. We don’t really need them in infinitive yet, so you’ll have them only in the present tense, which is the tense we’ll be working with. Be aware that the English translations aren’t always modal verbs in English.

want to	vil
must / have to	må
can	kan

This gives us the following examples: I want to eat fish. = Jeg vil spise fisk You have to (must) learn Norwegian. = Du må lære norsk. We can speak Norwegian. = Vi kan snakke norsk. It’s the same as before, you just have to skip the “å” when the verb is modal.

Be Verb and Have Verb in Norwegian

The present and past tenses of verbs in Norwegian are very simple to conjugate. All the forms are the same for each personal pronoun. The infinitive of the verb to be in Norwegian is være, and the conjugated present tense form is er and the past tense is var. The infinitive of the verb to have is ha, and the conjugated present tense form is har and the past tense is hadde.

være – to be
I am	jeg er	I was	jeg var
you are	du er	you were	du var
he is	han er	he was	han var
she is	hun er	she was	hun var
it is	den er	it was	den var
it is	det er	it was	det var
one is	man er	one was	man var
we are	vi er	we were	vi var
you are	dere er	you were	dere var
they are	de er	they were	de var

ha – to have
I have	jeg har	I had	jeg hadde
you have	du har	you had	du hadde
he has	han har	he had	han hadde
she has	hun har	she had	hun hadde
it has	den har	it had	den hadde
it has	det har	it had	det hadde
one has	man har	one had	man hadde
we have	vi har	we had	vi hadde
you have	dere har	you had	dere hadde
they have	de har	they had	de hadde

To form the future tense of verbs, just add skal (am/is/are going to) or vil (will) before the infinitive. Jeg skal være = I’m going to be; hun skal ha = she will have; etc. (In simple sentences, either skal or vil are fine to express future actions, but in longer and more complex sentences, it is better to use vil.)

Per has many houses.	Per har mange hus.
He lives in the red house.	Han bor i det røde huset.
Where is Tom’s ball?	Hvor er Toms ball? *
I have four nice watches.	Jeg har fire fine klokker.
The big man is ugly.	Den store mannen er stygg.
The girl is in the small tree.	Jenta er i det lille treet.
Norway is a very nice country.	Norge er et veldig fint land.
Arne and Kari are in a green car.	Arne og Kari er i en grønn bil.
The twelve flowers are red.	De tolv blomstene er røde.
Many days are nice.	Mange dager er fine.
Anita’s clocks are not bad.	Anitas klokker er ikke dårlige. *
We see Petter’s big house.	Vi ser Petters hus. *

]]>

Norwegian Classroom:Nouns-Genders and Plurals

Classroom - Norwegian / By Vaikundamoni

Norwegian Classroom:Nouns-Genders and Plurals

Nouns

Now we’ll move into something which is a little more complicated, and a little more different from English. You probably know what nouns are, and now we’re going to see how they act in Norwegian. As you might have noticed already, many words aren’t too different from English. Some examples of a few Norwegian nouns:

Hus

Tre

Ball

Klokke

This is how you conjugate a noun in English:

Singular Indefinite	Singular Definite	Plural Indefinite	Plural Definite
a house	the house	houses	the houses

In English the -s ending means plural, and the is the definite article. The only thing that may cause problems for foreigners is the use of a / an, and some irregular plural forms.

The problematic thing in Norwegian is that it has, like most other Indo-European languages, several genders. And it doesn’t only have two, but three genders. They are called masculine, feminine and neuter.

It’s pretty impossible to know which gender a noun is, so in this tutorial we’ll always tell you the gender of the new nouns, by adding (m), (f) or (n) after the words. You’ll find this in most dictionaries as well.

Nouns in Norwegian (Bokmål) have two genders, masculine and neuter, which adjectives must agree with when modifying nouns. Technically there is a third gender, feminine (which Nynorsk retains), but since feminine nouns can be written as masculine nouns, I’m including feminine nouns in the masculine category. There are two indefinite articles that correspond with these genders: en for masculine nouns and et for neuter nouns. In the vocabulary lists, a noun followed by (n) means that it is a neuter noun and it takes the indefinite article et. The majority of nouns in Norwegian are masculine, so they take the indefinite article en. The only case of nouns that is used in Norwegian is the genitive (showing possession), and it is easily formed by adding an -s to the noun. This is comparable to adding -‘s in English to show possession. However, if the noun already ends in -s, then you add nothing (unlike English where we add -‘ or -‘s). Olavs hus = Olav’s house Masculine nouns generally add -er or -r to the indefinite singular noun to form the indefinite plural, and -ene or -ne to form the definite plural. The names of jobs ending in -er only add -e and -ne in these cases. Neuter nouns that are more than one syllable form plural nouns the same way as masculine nouns. Neuter nouns that are only one syllable, however, add nothing to form the indefinite plural and either -ene or -a to form the definite plural.

Singular	Indefinite Plural		Definite Plural
en fisk	fisker	some fish	fiskene	the fishes
en hage	hager	some gardens	hagene	the gardens
en baker	bakere	some bakers	bakerne	the bakers
et vindu	vinduer	some windows	vinduene	the windows
et hus	hus	some houses	husene	the houses
et barn	barn	some children	barna	the children

Irregular plural nouns in Norwegian

Singular	Irregular Indefinite Plural		Singular = Indefinite Plural
and	ender	duck(s)	angrep (n)	attack(s)
bok	bøker	book(s)	besøk (n)	visit(s)
bonde	bønder	peasant(s)	eventyr (n)	tale(s), story(ies)
fot	føtter	foot(feet)	feil	error(s), mistake(s)
hånd	hender	hand(s)	forhold	circumstance(s)
håndkle	håndklær	hand towel(s)	høve (n)	opportunity(ies)
kne (n)	knær	knee(s)	kreps	crawfish(es)
kraft	krefter	strength	mus	mouse(s)
ku	kyr	cow(s)	mygg	mosquito(es)
natt	netter	night(s)	sild	herring(s)
mann	menn	man(men)	sko	shoe(s)
rand	render	edge(s)	spiker	nail(s)
rot	røtter	root(s)	ting	thing(s)
sted (n)	steder	place(s)	våpen	weapon(s)
stang	stenger	bar(s)
strand	strender	beach(es)
tang	tenger	pincher(s)
tann	tenner	tooth(teeth)
tre	trær	tree(s)
tå	tær	toe(s)
øye	øyne	eye(s)

]]>

Norwegian Classroom:Subject and Object Pronoun

Classroom - Norwegian / By Vaikundamoni

Subject pronoun–Object Pronoun

jeg	I	meg	me
du	you (singular)	deg	you (singular)
han	he	ham	him
hun	she	henne	her
den	it (masc.)	den	it (masc.)
det	it (neut.)	det	it (neut.)
man	one	man	one
vi	we	oss	us
dere	you (plural)	dere	you (plural)
de	they	dem	them

]]>

Norwegian Classroom:Articles and Demonstratives

Classroom - Norwegian, Learn Norwegian / By Vaikundamoni

Norwegian Articles and Demonstratives

There are two indefinite articles (corresponding to a and an): en and et. En is used with most of the nouns (words denoting people almost always use en), but you will just have to learn which article goes with which noun. The definite article (the) is not a separate word like in most other languages. It is simply a form of the indefinite article attached to the end of the noun. Note that en words ending in a vowel retain that vowel and add an -n instead of adding -en. And et words ending in -e just add -t. Furthermore, the t of et as an indefinite article is pronounced; however, the t is silent in the definite article -et attached to the noun. (For feminine nouns, the indefinite article is ei and the definite article that is attached to the noun is -a. In theory, this gender does still exist in Bokmål, but in practice, it is rarely used and the feminine nouns are inflected like masculine nouns, i.e. add -en instead of -a for the definite form.)

Articles

En words (masculine)
Indefinite		Definite
en fisk	a fish	fisken	the fish
en baker	a baker	bakeren	the baker
en hage	a garden	hagen	the garden

Et words (neuter)
Indefinite		Definite
et vindu	a window	vinduet	the window
et barn	a child	barnet	the child
et hus	a house	huset	the house

Demonstrative Adjectives

masculine	denne dressen	this suit	den dressen	that suit
neuter	dette skjerfet	this scarf	det skjerfet	that scarf
plural	disse skoene	these shoes	de skoene	those shoes

Notice that the noun that follows a demonstrative adjective must have the definite article attached to it. (The feminine form of demonstratives is identical to the masculine; denne and den.)

Noun conjugation

Take a look at some Norwegian nouns:

	Singular Indefinite	Singular Definite	Plural Indefinite	Plural Definite
masculine	en gutt a boy	gutten the boy	gutter boys	guttene the boys
feminine	ei jente a girl	jenta the girl	jenter girls	jentene the girls
neuter	et hus a house	huset the house	hus houses	husene the houses

From the table we can figure out the following rules:

The indefinite articles in Norwegian are en, ei, and et.
A big difference from English is that the definite article is added in the end of the word as a suffix. The singular suffixes are -en, -a, and -et. If the nouns originally ends with a vowel, you remove it before adding the suffix.

To make the indefinite plural in Norwegian you add the suffix -er, except for most one-syllabled neuter nouns, which often don’t get any suffix at all.

Everything can be illustrated clearly with a table:

Gender	Singular Indefinite	Singular Definite	Plural Indefinite	Plural Definite
masculine	en –	-en	-er	-ene
feminine	ei –	-a	-er	-ene
neuter	et –	-et	-(er)	-ene

As you can see, this is not difficult if you know the noun’s gender. Try to memorize this, and write it down if you have a notebook.

Irregular nouns

Some nouns are irregular, which means that they don’t follow the rules in table we made earlier in this lesson. This is a well known problem also in English, for example “men“ and “women“. In both of them the vowel changes in plural, and they don’t get any -s in the end. These are the most important irregular ones in Norwegian:

man	en mann	mannen	menn	mennene
tree	et tre	treet	trær	trærne
brother	en bror	broren	brødre	brødrene
sister	ei søster	søstera	søstre	søstrene

These should just be memorized, but if you don’t bother doing that right now, you can write them down and take a look them when you need them.

Many nouns end with -er in Norwegian. These are always masculine (except “sister“, of course), and their conjugation is slightly different in plural:

player

en spiller

spilleren

spillere

spillerne

]]>

Finnish Verbs

Classroom - Finnish, Learn Finnish / By Vaikundamoni

Finnish Verb types: How to use them

Types of Finnish Verbs and usages

There are six verb types in Finnish. It’s important to know which verb type a verb belongs to, because every verb type has its own rules when you conjugate them.

1. Verb type 1

Verb type 1 is the most commonly used verb type. These types of verbs end in 2 vowels(-aa, -ea, -eä, -ia, -iä, -oa, -ua, -yä, -ää, -öä).

To find this type of verb’s infinitive stem (this is the stem to which you add the endings that are typical for the minä form, the sinä form, etc): remove the -a or -ä. Remember that verb type 1 verbs undergo consonant gradation if possible!

	Puhua (to speak)		Sanoa (to say)		Istua (to sit)
Person	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English
minä	puhun	I speak	sanon	I say	istun	I sit
sinä	puhut	you speak	sanot	you say	istut	you sit
hän	puhuu	he speaks	sanoo	he says	istuu	he sits
me	puhumme	we speak	sanomme	we say	istumme	we sit
te	puhutte	you speak	sanotte	you say	istutte	you sit
he	puhuvat	they speak	sanovat	they say	istuvat	they sit

Examples of verb type 1 that undergo consonant gradation

Some other common type 1 verbs: ajaa (to drive), alkaa (to start, to begin), antaa (to give, to let (someone do something), to allow), asua (to live in a place, to reside), auttaa (to help), etsiä (to look for, to seek), herättää (to wake (someone) up), hoitaa (to take care of), huutaa (to shout), katsoa (to look at), kieltää (to deny), kiertää (to go around), kirjoittaa (to write), kysyä (to ask), laajentaa (to expand), laskea (to count), lukea (to read), lähteä (to leave), maksaa (to pay, to cost), muistaa (to remember), neuvoa (to give advice), odottaa (to wait, to expect), ostaa

(to buy), ottaa (to take), paistaa (to fry, to shine), puhua (to speak), rakastaa (to love), rakastua (to fall in love), saartaa (to shatter), sallia (to allow), sanoa (to say), soittaa (to call, to play (an instrument)), sortaa (to collapse), tietää (to know something), tuntea (to feel), unohtaa (to forget), unohtua (to forget oneself), vaatia (to demand), ymmärtää (to understand)

2. Verb type 2

These types of verbs end in -da/-dä. To find this type of verb’s infinitive stem, youremove the -da/-dä.

Notice that the third person singular doesn’t get the final letter doubled like in verb type 1!

	Saada (to get)		Juoda (to drink)		Syödä (to eat)
Person	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English
minä	saan	I get	juon	I drink	syön	I eat
sinä	saat	you get	juot	you drink	syöt	you eat
hän	saa	he gets	juo	he drinks	syö	he eats
me	saamme	we get	juomme	we drink	syömme	we eat
te	saatte	you get	juotte	you drink	syötte	you eat
he	saavat	they get	juovat	they drink	syövät	they eat

Some other common type 2 verbs: juoda (to drink), jäädä (to stay), käydä (to visit), luennoida (to lecture), myydä (to sell), pysäköidä (to park), saada (to get, to be allowed), soida (to ring (out), syödä (to eat), terrorisoida (to terrorize), tuoda (to bring), tupakoida (to smoke), uida (to swim), viedä (to take), voida (to be able to)

3. Verb type 3

This type of verbs ends in -lla/-llä, -nna/-nnä, -ra/-rä, -sta/-stä (in other words: in two consonants and a vowel). To find this type of verb’s infinitive stem, remove the -la or -lä, -na or -nä, -ra or -rä, or -ta or -tä.To this stem, you add an -e- before adding the personal ending!

Remember that verb type 3 verbs undergo consonant gradation if possible!

	Tulla (to come)		Mennä (to go)		Nousta (to rise)
Person	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English
minä	tulen	I come	menen	I go	nousen	I rise
sinä	tulet	you come	menet	you go	nouset	you rise
hän	tulee	he comes	menee	he goes	nousee	he rises
me	tulemme	we come	menemme	we go	nousemme	we rise
te	tulette	you come	menette	you go	nousette	you rise
he	tulevat	they come	menevät	they go	nousevat	they rise

Examples of verb type 3 that undergo consonant gradation

Some other common type 3 verbs: ajatella (to think about something), hymyillä (to smile), julkaista (to publish), kiistellä (to quarrel), kuulla (to hear), kuunnella (to listen), kävellä (to walk), mennä (to go), nousta (to rise, to get up), olla (to be), ommella (to sew), opetella (to learn), opiskella (to study), panna (to put), pestä (to wash), purra (to bite), ratkaista (to solve), riidellä (to fight), surra (to mourn), suudella (to kiss), tapella (to fight), tulla (to come, to become), työskennellä (to work)

4. Verb type 4

These types of verbs end in -ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä. To find this type of verb’sinfinitive stem, you remove the -t. (so NOT the final -a!)

The third person singular gets an -a added to the end when the two vowels from the stem are different vowels. When the two vowels are -aa- it wouldn’t make sense to add a third one, so we add nothing. Remember that verb type 4 verbs undergo consonant gradation if possible!

	Haluta (to want)		Osata (to be able to)		Pakata (to pack)
Person	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English
minä	haluan	I want	osaan	I am able to	pakkaan	I pack
sinä	haluat	you want	osaat	you’re able to	pakkaat	you pack
hän	haluaa	he wants	osaa	he’s able to	pakkaa	he packs
me	haluamme	we want	osaamme	we’re able to	pakkaamme	we pack
te	haluatte	you want	osaatte	you’re able to	pakkaatte	you pack
he	haluavat	they want	osaavat	they’re able to	pakkaavat	they pack

Examples of verb type 4 that undergo consonant gradation

Some other common type 4 verbs: avata (to open), erota (to divorce), hakata (to beat), haluta (to want), herätä (to wake up), huomata (to notice), hypätä (to jump), hävetä (to be ashamed), hävitä (to lose, to disappear), juoruta

(to gossip), kadota (to disappear), kiivetä (to climb), lakata (to stop), luvata (to promise), maata (to lie (down)), määrätä (to determine), osata (to be able to), pelata (to play), pelätä (to be scared), piffata (to treat), pihdata (to skimp), pudota (to fall), ruveta (to start), selvitä (to become clear), siivota (to clean), tarjota (to offer, to serve), tavata (to meet), tilata (to order), todeta (to state), tykätä (to like), vastata (to answer), älytä (to get something, to understand)

5. Verb type 5

These types of verbs end in -ita/-itä. Ocassionally, you will come across verbs that have this ending but do not conjugate the same way; these verbs belong to verb type 4.

To find this type of verb’s infinitive stem, you remove the final -ta/-tä. To this stem, you then add -tse- before adding the personal ending!

	Häiritä (to disturb)		Tarvita (to need)
Person	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English
minä	häiritsen	I disturb	tarvitsen	I need
sinä	häiritset	you disturb	tarvitset	you need
hän	häiritsee	he disturbs	tarvitsee	he needs
me	häiritsemme	we disturb	tarvitsemme	we need
te	häiritsette	you disturb	tarvitsette	you need
he	häiritsevät	they disturb	tarvitsevat	they need

Some other common type 5 verbs: hallita (to rule, to govern, to be able to), havaita (to perceive), hillitä (to restrain, to check, to control), häiritä (to disturb), kyyditä (to give someone a lift, to drive), mainita (to mention), merkitä (to mark), palkita (to reward, to award), tarvita (to need), tulkita (to interpret)

6. Verb type 6

Verb type 6 is very rarely used. This type of verb ends in -eta/-etä. The meaning will always be “to become something”, meaning it implies a change from one state to another. If a verb of this type doesn’t mean a change, it will be conjugated like a normal verb type 4 verb.

To find this type of verb’s infinitive stem, you remove the final -ta/-tä. To this stem, you then add -ne- before adding the personal ending! Remember that verb type 6 verbs undergo consonant gradation if possible!

	Vaaleta (to whiten)		Lämmetä (to become warm)
Person	Conjugation	English	Conjugation	English
minä	vaalenen	I whiten	lämpenen	I become warm
sinä	vaalenet	you whiten	lämpenet	you become warm
hän	vaalenee	he whitens	lämpenee	he becomes warm
me	vaalenemme	we whiten	lämpenemme	we become warm
te	vaalenette	you whiten	lämpenette	you become warm
he	vaalenevat	they whiten	lämpenevät	they become warm

Some other common type 6 verbs: paeta (to run away), kylmetä (to get cold), vanheta (to become old), kalveta (to turn pale), valjeta (to brighten up), tarjeta (to stand the cold), rohjeta (to presume), nuoreta (to become younger), pidetä (to become longer), lyhetä (to become shorter), tummeta (to darken), kyetä (to be able to), vaieta (to become silent), aueta (to come loose)

Examples of verb type 6 verbs that get conjugated like verb type 4: kiivetä (to climb), ruveta (to start) and hävetä (to be ashamed)

Types of Finnish Verbs and usages

]]>

Danish Classroom-Small Talk and Expressions

Classroom - Danish / By Vaikundamoni

Danish Conversation:

English	Danish
Hello. How are you?	Hej, hvordan har du det ?
Hello. I’m fine, thank you	Hej, jeg har det fint, tak
Do you speak Danish?	Taler du dansk ?
No, I don’t speak Danish	Nej, jeg taler ikke dansk
Only a little bit	En lille smule
Where do you come from?	Hvor er du fra ?
What is your nationality?	Hvor kommer du fra ?
I am English	Jeg er englænder
And you, do you live here?	Og hvad med dig, er du herfra ?
Yes, I live here	Ja, jeg bor her
My name is Sarah, what’s your name?	Jeg hedder Sarah, hvad hedder du ?
Julian	Jeg hedder Julien
What are you doing here?	Hvad laver du her ?
I am on holiday	Jeg er på ferie
We are on holiday	Vi er på ferie
I am on a business trip	Jeg er på forretningsrejse
I work here	Jeg arbejder her
We work here	Vi arbejder her
Where are the good places to go out and eat?	Er der nogle gode steder at spise ?
Is there a museum in the neighbourhood?	Er der et museum her i nærheden?
Where could I get an internet connection?	Hvor jeg jeg gå på internettet ?

Danish Small Talk

Hej!	Hi
Goddag	Hello (formal)
Hvordan har du det?	How are you?
Hvad så?	What’s up? (informal)
Farvel	Good bye
God morgen	Good morning
God nat	Good night
Tak!	Thank you
Undskyld mig	Excuse me
Jeg elsker dig	I love you

Essential Danish:

English	Danish
Hello	Goddag / Hej
Good evening	Godaften
Goodbye	Hej hej
See you later	Vi ses senere
Yes	Jo
No	Nej
Excuse me!	Undskyld ?
Thanks	Tak
Thanks a lot	Mange tak
Thank you for your help	Tak for hjœlpen
Don’t mention it	Det var så lidt
Ok	Okay, det er I orden
How much is it?	Hvor meget koster det ?
Sorry!	Undskyld
I don’t understand	Jeg forstår det ikke
I get it	Jeg har forstået
I don’t know	Det ved jeg ikke
Forbidden	Forbudt
Excuse me, where are the toilets?	Undskyld, hvor finder jeg toiletterne ?
Happy New Year!	Godt nytår!
Happy birthday!	Tillykke med fødselsdagen !
Happy holiday!	God højtid
Congratulations!	Tillykke!


English Greetings	Danish Greetings:
Hi!	Hej!
Good morning!	God morgen!
Good evening!	God aften!
Welcome! (to greet someone)	Velkommen!
How are you?	Hvordan har du/ de det?
I’m fine, thanks!	Jeg har det fint, tak!
And you?	Og dig/ dem?
Good/ So-So.	Godt/ Sådan nogenlunde.
Thank you (very much)!	Tak! (Mange tak!)
You’re welcome! (for “thank you”)	Du/ de er velkommen!
Hey! Friend!	Hej! Ven!
I missed you so much!	Jeg har savnet dig/ dem så meget!
What’s new?	Hvad så?
Nothing much	Ikke meget.
Good night!	God nat!
See you later!	På gensyn!
Good bye!	Farvel!
Asking for Help and Directions
I’m lost	Jeg er faret vild.
Can I help you?	Kan jeg hjælpe dig/ dem?
Can you help me?	Kan du/ de hjælpe mig?
Where is the (bathroom/ pharmacy)?	Hvor er (toilettet/ apoteket)?
Go straight! then turn left/ right!	Gå lige ud. Drej derefter til venstre/ højre!
I’m looking for john.	Jeg leder efter John.
One moment please!	Et øjeblik!
Hold on please! (phone)	Et øjeblik!
How much is this?	Hvor meget koster den/ det?
Excuse me …! (to ask for something)	Undskyld mig…
Excuse me! ( to pass by)	Undskyld!
Come with me!	Kom med mig!



Do you speak (English/ Danish)?	Taler du/ de (engelsk/ dansk)?
Just a little.	Kun en smule.
What’s your name?	Hvad er dit/ deres navn?
My name is …	Mit navn er…
Mr…/ Mrs.…/ Miss…	Hr…/Fru…/Frøken…
Nice to meet you!	Hyggeligt at møde dig/ dem!
You’re very kind!	Du/ de er meget venlig!
Where are you from?	Hvor er du/ de fra?
I’m from (the U.S/ Denmark)	Jeg er fra (USA/ Danmark)
I’m (American)	Jeg er amerikaner.
Where do you live?	Hvor bor du/ de?
I live in (the U.S/ Danmark)	Jeg bor i (USA/ Danmark)
Did you like it here?	Kan du/ de lide det her?
Denmark is a wonderful country	Danmark er et fantastisk land.
What do you do for a living?	Hvad arbejder du/ de som?
I work as a (translator/ businessman)	Jeg arbejder som en (oversætter/ forretningsmand)
I like Danish	Jeg kan lide dansk.
I’ve been learning Danish for 1 month	Jeg har lært dansk i en måned.
Oh! That’s good!	Oh! Det er godt!
How old are you?	Hvor gammel er du/ de?
I’m (twenty, thirty…) years old.	Jeg er (tyve, tredive…) år gammel.
I have to go	Jeg er nødt til at gå.
I will be right back!	Jeg er straks tilbage!
Wish Someone Something
Good luck!	Held og lykke!
Happy birthday!	Tillykke med fødselsdagen!
Happy new year!	Godt nytår!
Merry Christmas!	Glædelig jul!
Congratulations!	Tillykke!
Enjoy! (for meals…)	Velbekomme!
I’d like to visit Denmark one day	Jeg kunne tænke mig at besøge Danmark en dag.
Say hi to John for me	Sig hej til John fra mig.
Bless you (when sneezing)	Prosit!
Good night and sweet dreams!	God nat og drøm sødt!
Solving a Misunderstanding
I’m Sorry! (if you don’t hear something)	Undskyld!
Sorry (for a mistake)	Jeg beklager.
No Problem!	Intet problem!
Can You Say It Again?	Kan du/ de sige det igen?
Can You Speak Slowly?	Kan du/ de sige det langsomt?
Write It Down Please!	Vær venlig at skrive det ned!
I Don’t Understand!	Jeg forstår ikke!
I Don’t Know!	Jeg ved det ikke!
I Have No Idea.	Jeg har ingen anelse!
What’s That Called In Danish?	Hvad hedder det på dansk?
What Does “gato” Mean In English?	Hvad betyder “undsklyld” på Engelsk?
How Do You Say “Please” In Danish?	Hvordan siger man “please” på dansk?
What Is This?	Hvad er det?
My Danish is bad.	Mit dansk er dårligt.
I need to practice my Danish	Jeg har brug for at øve mit dansk.
Don’t worry!	Bare rolig!
Danish Expressions and Words
Good/ Bad/ So-So.	Godt/ Dårligt/ Sådan nogenlunde
Big/ Small	Stor/ Lille
Today/ Now	I dag/ Nu
Tomorrow/ Yesterday	I morgen/ I går
Yes/ No	Ja/ Nej
Here you go! (when giving something)	Værsgo!
Do you like it?	Kan du/ de lide den?
I really like it!	Jeg kan virkelig lide den!
I’m hungry/ thirsty.	Jeg er sulten/ tørstig.
In The Morning/ Evening/ At Night.	Om morgenen/ om aftenen/ om natten
This/ That. Here/There	Denne/dette / den/det. Her/ der
Me/ You. Him/ Her.	Mig/ dig/ dem. Ham/ Hende
Really!	Virkelig!
Look!	Se!
Hurry up!	Skynd dig/ dem!
What? Where?	Hvad? Hvor?
What time is it?	Hvad er klokken?
It’s 10 o’clock. 07:30pm.	Klokken er 10. Klokken 7:30.
Give me this!	Giv mig den/det!
I love you!	Jeg elsker dig/ dem!
I feel sick.	Jeg føler mig dårlig.
I need a doctor	Jeg har brug for en læge.
One, Two, Three	En, to, tre
Four, Five, Six	Fire, fem, seks
Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten	Syv, otte, ni, ti

THE TIME

What time is it?: Hvad er klokken? It’s ? o’clock.: Klokken er ? Today: i dag Tomorrow: i morgen Early: tidlig Monday: mandag Tuesday: tirsdag Wednesday: onsdag Thursday: torsdag Friday: fredag Saturday: lordag Sunday: sondag Numbers Zero: nul One: en Two: to Three: tre Four: fire Five: fem Six: seks Seven: syv Eight: otte Nine: ni Ten: ti

CONVERSATION 1

John and Mette meet at Mads’ party
John:	Hej. Jeg hedder John.		Hi. I’m John
Mette:	Hej, Mette.	Hi. Mette
John:	Fed fest, hva’?		Nice party, huh?
Mette:	Ja, det er det.		Yes, it is.
Hvor kender du Mads fra?		How do you know Mads?
John:	Vi arbejder sammen.		We work together
Mette:	Er du også lærer?		Are you also a teacher?
John:	Ja, det er jeg.		Yes, I am.
Jeg arbejder som vikar her i København.		I’m working as a substitute teacher here in Copenhagen.
Mette:	Kommer du fra København?		Are you from Copenhagen?
John:	Nej, jeg er faktisk ikke dansker.		No, I’m actually not a Dane.
Jeg kommer fra Namibia.		I’m from Namibia.
Mette:	Er det rigtigt?		Really?
Hvor spændende.		How exciting.
Hvor længe har du været i Danmark?		How long have you been in Denmark?
John:	Jeg har været her i næsten tre måneder.		I’ve been here almost 3 months.
Mette:	Men du taler da flot dansk!		But you speak Danish very well.
John:	Tak.	Thanks.
Mine forældre er danskere.		My parents are Danes.
Min mor bor her og min far bor i Namibia.		My mother lives here, and my father lives in Namibia.
Jeg kom for at besøge min mor.		I came to visit my mother.
Mette:	OK.	OK.
Kommer du så fra Windhoek?		Are you from Windhoek, then?
John:	Nej, jeg kommer fra Swakopmund.		No, I’m from Swakopmund.
Det er en lille by.		It’s a small town.
Hvad med dig?		How about you?
Mette:	Nå, jeg er bare almindelig dansker.		Oh, I’m just an ordinary Dane.
Jeg er fra Aarhus, men jeg bor i København.		I’m from Aarhus, but I live in Copenhagen.
John:	Hvad laver du?		What do you do?
Mette:	Jeg er skuespiller.		I’m an actress

Danish Audio Lessons

]]>

Danish Classroom-Articles

Classroom - Danish / By Vaikundamoni

Danish Courses[/caption]

Definite and Indefinite Article

All nouns in Danish are either common or neuter in gender. About 75% of nouns are of common gender, but many very frequently used nouns are neuter.

Indefinite Article (a/an)

A/an is expressed by en with common nouns and by et with neuter nouns. Indefinite plurals are formed by adding -e or -er to the singular.

singular

plural

common neuter

en bil		a car
et hus		a house

biler		cars
huse		houses

Some nouns remain unchanged in the plural and some others are irregular.

singular

plural

et rum		a room
en bog		a book

rum		rooms
bøger		books

Definite Article (the)

The definite article is tagged onto the end of the noun. In the singular, common nouns take an -en ending, neuter nouns take an -et ending. In the plural, both take an -(e)ne or -(er)ne ending.

singular

plural

common neuter

bilen		the car
toget		the train

bilerne		the cars
togene		the trains

Here are some more examples with both definite/indefinite and singular/plural forms:

singular

plural

indefinite

definite

indefinite

definite

common

en bil		a car
en skole		a school
en stol		a stool
en mus		a mouse
en chip		a chip

bilen		the car
skolen		the school
stolen		the stool
musen		the mouse
chippen		the chip

biler		cars
skoler		schools
stole		stools
mus		mice
chips		chips

bilerne		the cars
skolerne		the schools
stolene		the stools
musene		the mice
chipsene		the chips

neuter

et hotel		a hotel
et hus		a house
et år		a year

hotellet		the hotel
huset		the house
året		the year

hoteller		hotels
huse		houses
år		years

hotellerne		the hotels
husene		the houses
åren

Danish Articles and Demonstratives

How to say a, an, the, this, that, these and those in Danish

There are two indefinite articles (corresponding to a and an) in Danish: en and et. En is used with most of the nouns (words denoting people almost always use en), but you will just have to learn which article goes with which noun. The definite article (the) is not a separate word like in most other languages. It is simply a form of the indefinite article attached to the end of the noun. Note that en words ending in a vowel retain that vowel and add an -n instead of adding -en, while et words ending in -e just add a -t.

En words (common)
Indefinite		Definite
en banan	a banana	bananen	the banana
en stol	a chair	stolen	the chair
en gade	a street	gaden	the street

Et words (neuter)
Indefinite		Definite
et bord	a table	bordet	the table
et køkken	a kitchen	køkkenet	the kitchen
et æble	an apple	æblet	the apple

This/that is expressed in Danish by using denne (en words) or dette (et words) and these/those is expressed bydisse. The noun is always in the indefinite form after these demonstratives, except for when these / disse (plural) is used, in which case an er is added (unless the words already ends in an r) after the indefinite demonstrative. this banana = denne banan that table = dette bord these streets = disse gader these apples = disse æbler ]]>

Russian Classroom-Possessive Pronouns

Classroom - Russian / By Vaikundamoni

Russian Personal Pronouns

Singular personal pronouns.

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person (masc.)	3rd person (fem.)	3rd person (neut.).
English	I, Me	You	He, Him	She, Her	It
Nominative Case	Я	Ты	Он	Она	Оно
Accusative Case	Меня	Тебя	Его	Её	Его
Genitive Case	Меня	Тебя	Его	Её	Его
Dative Case	Мне	Тебе	Ему	Ей	Ему
Instrumental Case	Мной	Тобой	Им	Ей	Им
Prepositional Case	Мне	Тебе	Нём	Ней	Нём

Plural personal pronouns.

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
English	We, Us	You	They, Them
Nominative Case	Мы	Вы	Они
Accusative Case	Нас	Вас	Их
Genitive Case	Нас	Вас	Их
Dative Case	Нам	Вам	Им
Instrumental Case	Нами	Вами	Ими
Prepositional Case	Нас	Вас	Них

Note 1: Pronouns that start with vowels may be proceeded by the letter “н” when used with prepositions. Note 2: Его is pronounced “yevo”.

Russian Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns indicate who something belongs to. They may replace a person’s name in the sentence, “Ivan’s Book”. Words like “My, Your, Our, His, Her” in English. Please note that the genders indicated in the following tables refer to the gender of the noun that these pronouns modify. (ie the noun owned). For example in the phrase “My book”, you would use the 1st person (my) and feminise gender (book is feminine) (Моя). Don’t confuse this with the pronouns “his” and “her” (Его and Её).

Singular possessive pronouns.

	1st Person				2nd Person
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Plural	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Plural
English	My, Mine				Your, Yours
Nominative Case	Мой	Моя	Моё	Мои	Твой	Твоя	Твоё	Твои
Accusative Case (animate)	Мой Моего	Мою	Моё	Мои Моих	Твой Твоего	Твою	Твоё	Твои Твоих
Genitive Case	Моего	Моей	Моего	Моих	Твоего	Твоей	Твоего	Твоих
Dative Case	Моему	Моей	Моему	Моим	Твоему	Твоей	Твоему	Твоим
Instrumental Case	Моим	Моей	Моим	Моими	Твоим	Твоей	Твоим	Твоими
Prepositional Case	Моём	Моей	Моём	Моих	Твоём	Твоей	Твоём	Твоих

3rd Person : Always use Его (m.n) (his, its) or Её (f) (her) regardless of the case of the noun modified. Plural possessive pronouns.

	1st Person				2nd Person
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Plural	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Plural
English	Our				Your, Yours
Nominative Case	Наш	Наша	Наше	Наши	Ваш	Ваша	Ваше	Ваши
Accusative Case (animate)	Наш Нашего	Нашу	Наше	Наши Наших	Ваш Вашего	Вашу	Ваше	Ваши Ваших
Genitive Case	Нашего	Нашей	Нашего	Наших	Вашего	Вашей	Вашего	Ваших
Dative Case	Нашему	Нашей	Нашему	Нашим	Вашему	Вашей	Вашему	Вашим
Instrumental Case	Нашим	Нашей	Нашим	Нашими	Вашим	Вашей	Вашим	Вашими
Prepositional Case	Нашем	Нашей	Нашем	Наших	Вашем	Вашей	Вашем	Ваших

3rd Person : Always use Их regardless of the gender and case of the noun modified.

Reflexive possessive pronoun свой

Apart from using possessive pronouns, to express the idea of possession Russians use the reflexive possessive pronoun свой. Depending on the context, it can mean “my”, “your”, “her”, “his” etc. It is used instead of possessive pronouns and refers back to the subject of the sentence. The form depends on the gender and number of the object.

	masculine	feminine	neuter	plural
Nominative	свой	своя́	своё	свои́
Genitive	своего́	свое́й	своего́	свои́х
Dative	своему́	свое́й	своему́	свои́м
Accusative	своего́	свою́	своего́	свои́х
Instrumental	свои́м	свое́й	свои́м	свои́ми
Prepositional	своём	свое́й	своём	свои́х

EXAMPLES:

Я потерял свои заметки. – I lost my notes. Он потерял свои заметки. – He lost his notes. Мы потеряли свои заметки. – We lost our notes. Заметки on monikossa, joten oikea muoto on свои.

Talking about 1st or 2d person, you can use the possessive pronouns, but it is more natural to use свой:

EXAMPLES:

Я люблю свой дом / Я люблю мой дом – I love my home. Вы расскажете о своей поездке? / Вы расскажете о вашей поездке? – Will you tell about your trip?

Talking about 3d person, be sure to choose the right pronoun:

EXAMPLES:

Она продала свою квартиру – reflexive possessive pronoun – She sold her (own) apartment. Она продала её квартиру – possessive pronoun – She sold her (someone else’s) apartment.

Note: When talking about body parts, Russians most often omit possessive pronouns.

EXAMPLES:

Он сломал руку. – He broke his arm. Она открыла глаза – She opened her eyes.

Possessive construction «У меня есть» (I have)

The idea of possession is very often expressed in Russian with the help of the construction “У меня есть (I have)”.

у меня (есть) у тебя (есть) у него (есть) у неё (есть) у него (есть)

I have you have he has she has it has

у нас (есть) у вас, у Вас (есть) у них (есть)

we have you (plural and formal) have they have

Affirmative Preposition у + pronoun in the Genitive case + есть+ noun in the Nominal case. The verb естьcan be omitted.

EXAMPLES:

У него есть машина. – He has a car. У меня есть брат. – I have a brother. У неё серые глаза. – She has grey eyes.

Negative Preposition у + a pronoun in the Genitive case + нет + noun in the Genitive case.

EXAMPLES:

У меня нет времени. – I have no time. У нас нет денег. – We have no money. У вас нет компьютера́. – You don’t have a computer.

Interrogative Preposition у + a pronoun in the Genitive case + есть* + noun in the Nominal case. The verbесть can be omitted.

EXAMPLES:

У тебя есть друзья? – Do you have friends? У них есть билеты? – Do they have tickets?

Possessive Pronouns

Personal Pronouns	Possessive pronouns	Translation
я	мой (Masculine) моя (Feminine) моё (Neuter) мои (Plural)	my/mine
ты	твой (Masculine) твоя (Feminine) твоё (Neuter) твои (Plural)	yours
он	его	his
она	её	her/hers
оно	его	its
мы	наш (Masculine) наша (Feminine) наше (Neuter) наши (Plural)	our/ours
вы	ваш (Masculine) ваша (Feminine) ваше (Neuter) ваши (Plural)	your/yours
они	их	their/theirs

Это ваша квартира.

EXAMPLES:

Это мой дом (masculine singular). – It is my house. Это ваша квартира (feminine singular). – It is your(plural) apartment.

Personal Pronouns^ & Possessive pronouns!

Cases conjugation sheets for nouns, pronouns, adjectives

Who, what, whose conjugated^ and a very not detailed explanation of какой and который

Свой это то^ conjugated, got lazy with the accents ;p

Possessive Pronouns: In order to talk about your family you normally need to use possessive pronouns. You should always choose the possessive pronoun that matches the gender of the item it owns.

Мой (m), Моя (f), Моё (n), Мои (pl) – my
Твой (m), Твоя (f), Твоё (n), Твои (pl) – your
Его (m n) (“yevo”), Её (f) – his, her
Наш (m), Наша (f), Наше (n), Наши (pl) – our
Ваш (m), Ваша (f), Ваше (n), Ваши (pl) – your
Их – their

Now you will be able to combine Russian words and phrases that your learnt in earlier lessons to talk about your family. Here are some Russian phrases and sentences you could say with words you already know.

Моя мама любит музыку – My mother loves music
Моя сестра читает газету – My sister is reading a newspaper
Мой брат любит спорт – My brother loves sport
Твой брат любит спорт – Your brother loves sport
Наш брат любит спорт – Our brother loves sport

Меня зовут Анна – my name is Anna
Её зовут Анна – her name is Anna
Его зовут Иван – his name is Ivan.

]]>

	Conjugation Class 1	Conjugation Class 2
я	-ю (-у)	-ю (-у)
ты	-ешь	-ишь
он / она /оно	-ет	-ит
мы	-ем	-им
вы, Вы	-ете	-ите
они	-ют (-ут)	-ят (-ат)

	Conjugation Class 1	Conjugation Class 2
я	читаю, использую	говорю, лежу
ты	читаешь, используешь	говоришь, лежишь
он / она /оно	читает, использует	говорит, лежит
мы	читаем, используем	говорим, лежим
вы, Вы	читаете, используете	говорите, лежите
они	читают, используют	говорят, лежат

Gender	Ending	Past form
Masc.	-л	слушал
Fem	-ла	слушала
Neut.	-ло	слушало
Pl.	-ли	слушали

August 2016

Norwegian Verbs

Be Verb and Have Verb in Norwegian

Norwegian Classroom:Nouns-Genders and Plurals

Irregular plural nouns in Norwegian

Subject pronoun–Object Pronoun

Norwegian Articles and Demonstratives

Articles

Demonstrative Adjectives

Types of Finnish Verbs and usages

1. Verb type 1

2. Verb type 2

3. Verb type 3

Examples of verb type 3 that undergo consonant gradation

4. Verb type 4

5. Verb type 5

6. Verb type 6

Types of Finnish Verbs and usages

Danish Small Talk

THE TIME

CONVERSATION 1

Definite and Indefinite Article

Indefinite Article (a/an)

Definite Article (the)

Danish Articles and Demonstratives

How to say a, an, the, this, that, these and those in Danish

Singular personal pronouns.

Russian Possessive Pronouns

Singular possessive pronouns.

Reflexive possessive pronoun свой

Possessive construction «У меня есть» (I have)

Possessive Pronouns

Present and Past Verb Tenses

4. Capital Letters